Separating low-frequency internal variability of the climate system from the forced signal is essential to better understand anthropogenic climate change as well as internal climate variability. Here both synthetic time series and the historical simulations from phase 5 of CMIP (CMIP5) are used to examine several methods of performing this separation. Linear detrending, as is commonly used in s...

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Volume 1, The Earth system: physical and chemical dimensions of global environmental change, pp 544–549

The focus of the great majority of climate change impact studies is on changes in mean climate. In terms of climate model output, these changes are more robust than changes in climate variability. By concentrating on changes in climate means, the full impacts of climate change on biological and human systems are probably being seriously underestimated. Here we briefly review the possible impact...

Variations in climate, land-use and water consumption can have profound effects on river runoff. There is an increasing demand to study these factors at the regional to river basin-scale since these effects will particularly affect water resources management at this level. This paper presents a method that can help to differentiate between the effects of man-made hydrological developments and c...

The focus of the great majority of climate change impact studies is on changes in mean climate. In terms of climate model output, these changes are more robust than changes in climate variability. By concentrating on changes in climate means, the full impacts of climate change on biological and human systems are probably being seriously underestimated. Here, we briefly review the possible impac...

We provide an overview on recent results investigating the role of land-atmosphere coupling, and in particular of soil moisture-temperature coupling, for summer climate variability and climate change in Europe. Increasing greenhouse gas concentrations are expected to enhance the interannual variability of summer climate in Europe and other mid-latitude regions, potentially causing more frequent...

background and aims: brucellosis is one of the most important common diseases among man and livestock which are considered as the major problem in the health of the humans and livestock. the importance of this disease isn’t limited to its physical problems and consequences, but it is considered as a major challenge of economic development in most countries. the aim of this study was to evaluate...