Brain damage can sometimes render a patient persistently unresponsive and yet apparently awake, admitting the possibility that the absence of overt voluntary behaviour might conceal a retained capacity for covert cognition. When given instructions to perform a cognitive task, a minority of patients in such a so-called persistent vegetative state (PVS) has recently been found to exhibit patterns...

The first step in doing an ego state bridge is to identify and amplify the problematic ego state. In EMDR, the patient is asked the following questions: What is the problem or symptom you want relief from? What image represents the problem to you? What cognition about yourself do you have associated with that image? What affect do you experience when you have that image and cognition? What body...

Comparative cognition is the field of inquiry concerned with understanding the cognitive abilities and mechanisms that are evident in nonhuman species. Assessments of animal cognition have a long history, but in recent years there has been an explosion of new research topics, and a general broadening of the phylogenetic map of animal cognition. To review the past of comparative cognition, we de...