Young infants construct models of the world composed of objects tracked through time and occlusion. To date little is known about the degree to which these models are sensitive to the material makeup of the represented individuals. Two experiments probed 8-month-olds’ ability to represent different kinds of entities: rigid, cohesive objects, flexible, cohesive objects, and non-rigid, non-cohesi...

Effective elastic properties of a defected solid with distributed cohesive micro-cracks are estimated based on homogenization of the Dugdale–Bilby–Cottrell–Swinden (Dugdale–BCS) type micro-cracks in a two dimensional elastic representative volume element (RVE). Since the cohesive micro-crack model mimics various realistic bond forces at micro-scale, a statistical average of cohesive defects can...

We derive a cohesive fracture model by homogenizing a periodic composite material whose microstructure is characterized by the presence of brittle inclusions in a reticulated unbreakable elastic structure.

We develop a three-dimensional nite-deformation cohesive element and a class of irreversible cohesive laws which enable the accurate and e cient tracking of dynamically growing cracks. The cohesive element governs the separation of the crack anks in accordance with an irreversible cohesive law, eventually leading to the formation of free surfaces, and is compatible with a conventional nite elem...

The paper presents a computational approach and numerical data which facilitate the use of the smeared-tip method for cohesive fracture in large enough structures. In the recently developed K-version of the smeared tip method, the large-size asymptotic profile of the stress intensity factor density along a cohesive crack is considered as a material characteristic, which is uniquely related to t...

A micro-mechanics damage model is proposed based on homogenization of penny-shaped cohesive micro-cracks (Barenblatt–Dugdale type) in a three dimensional representative volume element. By assuming that macro-hydrostatic stress state has dominant effect on permanent crack opening, a class of pressure sensitive yielding potentials and corresponding damage evolution laws have been derived. The mer...

The time dependence of fracture has two sources: (1) the viscoelasticity of material behavior in the bulk of the structure, and (2) the rate process of the breakage of bonds in the fracture process zone which causes the softening law for the crack opening to be rate-dependent. The objective of this study is to clarify the differences between these two influences and their role in the size effec...

investigation of projectiles penetration phenomenon has been carried out in non-cohesive soil (sand) targets under dry, saturated and compacted conditions. analytical studies have been performed on the linear and non-linear soil models to obtain penetration depth formulae for ogival nose projectile and the results are verified by experimental studies. in present work, three ogival nose projecti...