iran's relation with one of the largest countries, that is, russia (the soviet :union:) has under gone many changes. one of the brilliant examples of the changing policies of russia towards iran is, no doubt, the years 1941 to 1953. in this period, most of graceful communist parties' rise and fall is making relations between iran and russia. tudeh party, ferghe democrate azerbaijan an...

The most prominent actor in the 1989 transformation of Eastern Europe has been the intelligentsia, a class whose basis for power is its control over a special form of teleological knowledge, and a culturally constituted group whose claim to authority is its historic role as leaders of East European nations. 2 In the wake of revolution they have in most places replaced the communist party and wo...

Political scientists have documented significant variation in political and economic outcomes of the 1989–91 revolutions. Countries bordering on western Europe have become relatively democratic and economically successful, with both democracy and wealth dropping off as one moves east and south. Explanations for this variation and the replication of an older pattern on the Eurasian landmass have...

The purpose of this paper is to test one of the many ways of tracking the progress of media transformation in Central and Eastern Europe in the context of European integration, based on a descriptive/analytical and relativistic research approaches. The conceptual and analytical framework adopted for the analysis of the process is an institutional and cultural one, which is best suited in this c...

BACKGROUND whether socioeconomic position over the life course influences the wellbeing of older people similarly in different societies is not known. OBJECTIVE to investigate the magnitude of socioeconomic inequalities in life satisfaction among individuals in early old age and the influence of the welfare state regime on the associations. DESIGN comparative study using data from Wave 2 an...

Elisée Reclus (1830-1905) argued that ‘anarchy is the highest expression of order’. This assertion, clashing with the bourgeois interpretation of anarchy as chaos, perfectly captured the theories that were being elaborated by Reclus and other anarchist geographers including Pëtr Kropotkin (1842-1921). At the centre of these theories lay the conviction that societies organised around mutual aid ...

Dr. Schultz, former head of Plastic Surgery, and now Emeritus Professor at The University of Illinois (CA), has written a memoir of his 37 years of a rather colorful career advancing modern concepts in reconstructive plastic surgery, (i.e., new concepts in post traumatic facial reconstruction, cleft palate repair, etc.) around the world. These activities often put him in disadvantaged African, ...

There is considerable irony in the current search for the causes of the rapid political changes sweeping the communist world after 1988. In retrospect, it is not hard to single out a number of macrosocietal trends that led eventually to regime change: economic stagnation and consumer deprivation, deeply eroded commitment to official ideology and the growth of widespread cynicism, the corruption...

During the wars of Yugoslav succession, nationalists on all sides maintained that it was impossible for different national groups to live together in harmony in a democratic society. They spoke of “age-old hatreds,” pointing to an historical landscape littered with international conflicts, civil wars, rebellions, or individual acts of violence between the region’s national and ethnic groups. Mo...

Twenty-five years after the collapse of the communist regimes, there is a wide diversity among countries in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union when it comes to the methods they have adopted to confront their communist past, the timing of their transitional justice policies, as well as the progress they have registered to date. Some countries have adopted radical lustration programs bann...