Causal inference is one of the most fundamental problems across all domains science. We address problem inferring a causal direction from two observed discrete symbolic sequences $X$ and $Y$. present framework which relies on lossless compressors for context-free grammars (CFGs) sequence pairs quantifies extent to grammar inferred compresses other sequence. infer causes $Y$ if better than in di...

Background: Life course complexity has so far been analyzed from a cohort perspective, but period measures could allow the holistic analysis of impact temporary circumstances on it.

This study examined the effects of task complexity on written narrative production under different task complexity conditions by EFL learners at different proficiency levels. Task complexity was manipulated along Robinson’s (2001b) proposed task complexity dimension of Here-and-Now (simple) vs. There-and-Then (complex) in. Accordingly, three specific measures of the written narratives were targ...