introduction: high frequency alternating currents is a safe, reversible and selective method for nerve conduction block that has been under study during the last decade as a treatment for the diseases involving abnormal neural impulses. however, reducing the stimulus amplitude, and the undesired onset response, as well as optimizing the stimulus parameters for more effective block is still unde...

Resistive switching effect in transition metal oxide (TMO) based material is often associated with the valence change mechanism (VCM). Typical modeling of valence change resistive switching memory consists of three closely related phenomena, i.e., conductive filament (CF) geometry evolution, conduction mechanism and temperature dynamic evolution. It is widely agreed that the electrochemical red...

Potassium channels can conduct passively K+ ions with rates of up to approximately 10(8) ions per second at physiological conditions, and they are selective to these species by a factor of 10(4) over Na+ ions. Ion conduction has been proposed to involve transitions between 2 main states, with 2 or 3 K+ ions occupying the selectivity filter separated by an intervening water molecule. The largest...