Tonga’s constitution was originally a liberal, 19th century document that economically combined popular representation and aristocratic direction in a unicameral vehicle instead of the conventional bicameral legislature. Subsequent amendments strengthened the executive, and the greatest of all, in 1914, significantly reduced representation of both nobles and people. The configuration of power s...

normative constitution is the highest law system and the consistency of this system requires, following the rules below from the superior rules. from this view, preservation of the constitution as the fundamental law governing the legal system of each country needs to legal ways of controlling instruments. this process is followed from two distinct complementary routes of constitutionalization ...

in the urban history of iran, “mashroote” era (the constitutional revolution) is considered as a turning point. in this period, the government had an organized and purposeful interference in the urban development of the country. another organized interference of the government, happened in 1960s. the effects of these movements were very significant in the growth of urban patterns and in the urb...

Scholars critical of the constitutionalization of American politics use the history of struggles over reproductive health to illuminate the costs of constitutional discourse. This Article reconsiders the costs of constitutional discourse from the inside out, unearthing the history of how members of the pro-choice movement debated, revised, criticized, and ultimately embraced what many activists...

This Article examines Americans' enduring demand for freedom of therapeutic choice as a popular constitutional movement originating in the United States' early years. In exploring extrajudicial advocacy for therapeutic choice between the American Revolution and the Civil War, this piece illustrates how multiple concepts of freedom in addition to bodily freedom bolstered the concept of a constit...

The Covid-19 pandemic has been spread throughout the world, which caused governments of each country to implement a restriction on human rights, is freedom movement. This step and response from government overcome Covid-19, as well Indonesian government. As state law (rechtstaat), course its own specialty respond enforce regulation deal with di pandemic, in accordance provisions emergency const...