This article is about annotating clauses with nonverbal predication in version 2 of Estonian UD treebank. Three possible annotation schemas are discussed, among which separating existential clauses from copular clauses would be theoretically most sound but would need too much manual labor and could possibly yield inconcistent annotation. Therefore, a solution has been adapted which separates ex...

This thesis surveys the interaction between non-verbal predication in matrix clauses and processes of head-movement. Focusing mainly on the syntax of Modern Irish nominal predicates, it is claimed that matrix non-verbal predication can occur without any verbal support. When this happens, non-verbal predicates bear inflectional features directly and behave just like verbs with respect to process...

0 Introduction In this paper I wish to explore one aspect of what has been called the \inverse copular construction"|a construction in which the subject of a copular sentence appears to have many of the properties of a predicate, and vice versa. 1 In particular, I hope to shed some further light on the still unresolved problems raised by this construction by looking in more detail at the behavi...

Languages use a variety of strategies to signal non-presupposed, focused information. Some languages attach a morpheme to the focused constituent, others mark focus prosodically. A third, widely available way of focusing a constituent, involves clefting with a copular verb. Spanish displays the latter two strategies, which, at first site, do not share much in common: clefting involves two claus...

This chapter begins my three chapter discussion of the behavior of non-verbal predication in Irish. In this chapter, I discuss the distribution and syntactic behavior of two different copular constructions in Irish: theTá (Bí) and Is1 constructions. In chapter 5, I look in detail at a word order alternation within the Is class of constructions. The final section on Irish copular constructions w...

In order to identify the basic properties of PoRs and the theoretical questions that follow, consider the German active-passive pair in (3a, b) involving the reflexive use of the verb ‘waschen’ (to wash). As in ordinary passives, the lexical verb in (3b) appears as passive participle and the passive auxiliary werden (to become) is used. The external argument disappears (but it can reappear in a...

The resulting denominal verb (dv) has the full syntactic and morphological distribution of any verb in West Greenlandic. It also retains some of the properties of the incorporated nominal (in), which has led some researchers to analyze this construction as a kind of ni and to argue that it represents a structural mismatch between syntax and morphology. In this paper, I will present an alternati...

This study was an analytical account of EFL postgraduate learners’ use of verbs in citing other scholars in their own writing. Particular interest was differing extents of these verbs as categorised by Myer (1997), namely verbs representing statement of scholarly writing, verbs communicating knowledge of scholarly writing, and verbs denoting cognition of scholarly writing, each of which has sub...