Coronary arteriovenous fistulas are rare. The right coronary artery (RCA) seems to be the most common site of origin, while the right ventricle, right atrium and the main pulmonary artery are the most common draining chambers. We report on a patient with fistulas in both coronary arteries: one arising from the circumflex artery and draining into the coronary sinus (CS), and a fistulous connecti...

A persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) is formed by the remains of the oblique vein of the left atrium, which is not completely degenerated during embryonic development. The incidence is approximately 0.3% in the general population. Approximately 80-92% of PLSVCs drain into the right atrium through the coronary sinus. This report describes a rare case of PLSVC in which the coronary sinus ...

A 53-year-old man presented to our hospital with acute coronary syndrome and underwent uncomplicated cardiac catheterization with percutaneous coronary intervention. As part of an institutional research protocol for evaluation of the recently placed left circumflex stent, he underwent coronary CT angiography with ECG-gated, contrast-enhanced, 64-slice multidetector CT (Sensation Cardiac 64, Sie...

Persistence of a left-sided superior vena cava (PLSVC) with absent right superior vena cava (isolated PLSVC) is a very rare venous malformation and commonly associated with congenital heart disease or alterations of the cardiac situs. We describe an unusual case of a young boy presenting with persistent atrial tachycardia and congestive heart failure. He was detected to have unexplained grossly...

AIMS Rotational angiography (RA) of the coronary sinus (CS) provides more anatomical insights compared with static angiographies. We evaluated intraprocedural three-dimensional (3D) CS reconstruction (RC) based on RA, using syngo(®) DynaCT Cardiac to guide CS lead implantation. METHODS AND RESULTS In 24 patients with indication for cardiac resynchronization therapy, intraprocedural RA and 3D ...

Unroofed coronary sinus (URCS) is a rare cardiac anomaly, in which communication occurs between the coronary sinus (CS) and the left atrium (LA) because of partial or complete absence of the CS roof. A 30-year-old woman was scheduled for surgical closure of atrial septal defect, mitral valve repair and tricuspid annuloplasty. The intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) revealed le...

Left hepatic vein (LHV) that drains blood into a coronary sinus (CS) is an extremely rare congenital anomaly of systemic vein drainage with only single reports published. In most of these cases the unusual venous connection was found incidentally during diagnostics or surgery. The case of a two-year-old boy in whom the anomaly was discovered during open heart surgery for partial anomalous pulmo...

BACKGROUND The coronary sinus (CS) was, for 10 years, the standard place for permanent atrial pacing, and the antiarrhythmic properties of CS pacing were described by Moss in the early 70's. These observations were confirmed during EP studies, although currently permanent CS pacing is infrequently applied. Signal averaged (SA) P wave analysis has established values for the examination of EP pro...

of Koch and continued by gradually pulling the catheter Introduction Catheter ablation of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) and atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia is an established procedure with a high success rate, but procedure-related complications are not rare. One of the feared complications is coronary injury, the frequency of which is estimated to ber1%. We have r...