Software Cost Reduction (SCR) is a set of techniques for designing software systems developed by David Parnas and researchers from the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) beginning in the late 1970s. A major goal of the original SCR research team was to evaluate the utility and scalability of software engineering principles by applying the principles to the reconstruction of software for a pra...

The success of Japanese manufacturing firms such as Honda and Toyota has renewed attention to the importance of cost reduction on existing products as a source of productivity growth. Using survey data and interviews, this paper explores the determinants of average-cost reduction for a sample of 207 automotive suppliers in the United States and Canada between 1988 and 1992. In particular, the p...

The relationship between cost and design variables (e.g., shape, material, gauge thickness, location of features, etc.) is highly implicit. In other words, it is often difficult to understand the direct effect that changing one or more variables will have on cost. But mathematical design optimization has the ability to efficiently explore these complex relationships. For this reason, it is a po...

these days, limited energy resources, and also the cost of investment in new and renewable energy is very costly and uneconomical. in the industrial sector, especially energy-intensive industries such as steel, finding appropriate solutions to update the technology, production and reduce energy consumption in this sector is very important. the main aim of this study is the identification and ra...

OBJECTIVE The objective was to investigate effects of dieted weight reduction on walking ability in obese women. METHODS Fifty-seven obese women 44.1 +/- 10.7 years, body mass index 37.1 +/- 3.4 kg x m(-2) performed an indoor walking test. Speed, oxygen consumption and heart rate were measured, perceived exertion and pain graded and oxygen cost calculated. Maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max/kg) wa...