Let X be a compact Riemann surface of genus ≥ 2 of constant negative curvature −1. An extremal disk is an embedded (resp. covering) disk of maximal (resp. minimal) radius. A surface containing an extremal disk is an extremal surface. This paper gives formulas enumerating extremal surfaces of genus ≥ 4 up to isometry. We show also that the isometry group of an extremal surface is always cyclic o...

Given a vector space V and a non-singular quadratic form Q on V , the orthogonal group O(Q) is the subgroup of GL(V ) that preserves Q. The special orthogonal group SO(Q) is given by O(Q) ∩ SL(V ). If Q is the standard inner product on R then SO(Q) is denoted SO(n). This is a connected, compact Lie group. For n > 2, the group is semi-simple. In the case that n is odd, SO(n) corresponds to the D...

Interpreting the number of ramified covering of a Riemann surface by Riemann surfaces as the relative Gromov-Witten invariants and applying a gluing formula, we derive a recursive formula for the number of ramified covering of a Riemann surface by Riemann surface with elementary branch points and prescribed ramification type over a special point.

In this article, we introduce the concept of co-covering which is the dual of covering concept. Then, we prove several theorems being similar to the theorems that have been de-veloped for the covering concept. For example, we provide the lifting criterion for co-coverings of a topological space X, which helps us to classify them by subgroups of the group of all homeomorphisms of X.