We propose a method to enhance the fuel cell efficiency with the simultaneous removal of toxic heavy metal ions. Carbon monoxide (CO), an intermediate of methanol oxidation that is primarily responsible for Pt catalyst deactivation, can be used as an in-situ reducing agent for hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)) with reactivating the CO-poisoned Pt catalyst. Using electro-oxidation measurements, the ...

Hydrogen generation technologies have become increasingly important due to recent attention focusing on fuel cells. The water-gas shift reaction, which is performed in two stages as highand low-temperature shift, is of central significance to produce highpurity hydrogen. Generally, the high-temperature water-gas shift reaction (HTS) is conducted on Fe-Cr catalysts. However, these catalytic syst...

Machine for Stochastic Pi-Calculus (SPiM) ➢ Formalise how the simulator works (program specification). ➢ Prove properties about the simulator (program verification). ➢ Give greater confidence in the simulation results. ➢ Improve on existing simulators (BioSpi). Andrew Phillips BioConcur 2004 19 Machine Data Structures ➢ General Machine Term: νn1 νn2 ...νnN (Σ1 ::Σ2 :: ... ::ΣM :: []) ➢ Syntax D...

Machine ➢ Formalise how the simulator works (program speci cation). ➢ Prove properties about the simulator. ➢ Give greater con dence in the simulation results. ➢ Improve on existing simulators. Andrew Phillips Microsoft Research 2004 23 Machine Data Structures ➢ Machine syntax νn1 νn2 ...νnN (Σ1 ::Σ2 :: ... ::ΣM :: []) : V,U ::= νn V Restriction p A List A,B ::= [] Empty p Σ::A Summation Andrew...

concentrations of six heavy metals including cr, mn, ni, pb, v and zn were determined in topsoil (from 47 grid cells), surface water (4 streams) and groundwater (8 wells and 4 qanats) from an agriculturalarea located at south part of the iranian capital, near the tehran oil refinery. concentrations of the elementswere measured using flame and flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. based on t...

The catalytic effects of chromium (Cr) on the direct nitridation of silicon (Si) and morphology of nitridation product were investigated. Cr dramatically improved the conversation of Si to silicon nitride (Si3N4). The complete conversion was achieved at 1350 °C upon addition of 1.25 wt% Cr. This temperature was much lower than that required in the case without using a catalyst. Meanwhile, Cr pl...

5-(Hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF) and levulinic acid production from glucose in a cascade of reactions using a Lewis acid (CrCl3) catalyst together with a Brønsted acid (HCl) catalyst in aqueous media is investigated. It is shown that CrCl3 is an active Lewis acid catalyst in glucose isomerization to fructose, and the combined Lewis and Brønsted acid catalysts perform the isomerization and dehydr...