To overcome stress, such as resource limitation, an organism often needs to successfully mediate competition with other members of its own species. This may favor the evolution of defective traits that are harmful to the species population as a whole, and that may lead to its dilution or even to its extinction (the tragedy of the commons). Here, we show that this phenomenon can be circumvented ...

in this model, we establish an inventory model to determine the optimal inventory replenishment scheme for the economic production quantity (epq) model for imperfect, deteriorating items with sales return service under multiple production and rework setup. in one cycle, production process can produces the products in m production setups and reworks the defective items in one rework setup. the c...

Arsenic (As) accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa) may pose a significant health risk to consumers. Plants take up different As species using various pathways. Here, we investigated the contribution of the phosphate (Pi) transport pathway to As accumulation in rice grown hydroponically or under flooded soil conditions. In hydroponic experiments, a rice mutant defective in OsPHF1 (for phosphate tr...

This paper is an extension of Hsu and Hsu (Int J Ind Eng Comput 3(5):939–948, 2012) aiming to determine the optimal order quantity of product batches that contain defective items with percentage nonconforming following a known probability density function. The orders are subject to 100 % screening process at a rate higher than the demand rate. Shortage is backordered, and defective items...

Blocked mutants of Micromonospora echinospora defective in the production of the potent antitumor agent calicheamicin are described. Analysis of intermediates produced by blocked mutants indicates a branched biosynthetic pathway. Mutants that produced some, but not all, calicheamicin forms are also described.

We have characterized by T1 fingerprint analysis several defective interfering (DI) double-stranded RNAs of the simple yeast virus ScV. A common sequence of about 0.5 to 0.6 kilobase pairs, including both 3' termini of the parental RNA, was present in each DI RNA. Several DI RNAs had novel T1 oligonucleotides not present in their parental RNA.

The mineral nutrient needed in greatest abundance by plants is nitrogen. Plants, however, must compete for nitrogen in the soil with abiotic and biotic processes such as erosion, leaching, and microbial consumption. Soil nitrogen is also lost when crops are harvested and plant material is removed from the soil. To be competitive, plants have evolved several mechanisms to acquire nitrogen at low...

In this paper a new sequential sampling plan is introduced in which the acceptable quality level (AQL) and the lot tolerance percent defective (LTPD) are a fuzzy number. This plan is well defined, since, if the parameters are crisp, it changes to a classical plan. For such a plan, a particular table of rejection and acceptance is calculated and compared with the classical one. Keywords : St...