Abstract The Chu ghosts and spirits are divided into those “above” “below.” “Above” “below” cannot be understood only as referring to heavenly earthly deities but should include also ancestral spirits. people’s sacrifices prayers “internal” “external.” This distinction is a spatial one that not based on blood relations. complete, well-organized system of spirits, deities, human had fully formed...

Abstract This study compares Shu (god of nature) and See life) in Dongba culture. The two gods could be hypostases the same ancestral deity. are comparable to Genius ancient Roman tradition god Pan Greece. These apparently unrelated spirits accompany humans possibly connected with representations deities life. According Joseph Rock’s studies, culture corresponds Nāga Hinduism, which infers cult...

After more than half a century of law and society scholarship, two recent volumes propose to survey advance the field. Edited by Mariana Valverde, Kamari Clarke, Even Darian-Smith, Prabha Kotiswaran, The Routledge Handbook Law Society (2021) draws on an international list contributors refocus scholarship fresh topics themes. Research Modern Legal Realism (2021), edited Shauhin Talesh, Elizabeth...

There are theoretical and thematic shifts in African spiritual philosophy literature on the meaning of spirituality. On one hand, traditional conceptions spirituality based dimensions transcendence supernaturalism. Common themes include ritualism, totemism, incantation, ancestorism, reincarnation, destiny, metempsychosis, witchcraft, death, soul, deities, etc. other evolving trend appeals to na...

The article is devoted to the description and analysis of some iconographic elements inherent in Buddhist cult sculpture, which made communication between a person deity possible. set being analyzed this article, distinguished by its diversity, limited attributes that deities hold their hands, as well crowns crowning heads deities, since they occupy particularly important place structure iconog...

Cognitive and evolutionary research has focused on the powerful deities of large-scale societies, yet little work examined smaller gods animist traditions. In a study water spirit Sikameinan Mentawai people (Siberut Island, Indonesia), we address three questions: (1) Are believed to enforce cooperation, especially compared bigger in larger-scale societies? (2) Do beliefs these encourage engage ...