background although the immunosuppressant cyclosporine (csa) is widely used after kidney transplantation over the long term, there is still no firm consensus on the best way to monitor of csa blood levels. objectives cyclosporine (csa) assay is critical for the management of renal transplant recipients due to inter– and intra–patient variation in csa absorption and metabolism. patients and meth...

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conclusions a small diaphragmatic tear due to blunt trauma to the abdomen is difficult to diagnosis in acute settings due to ragged margins and possibly no herniated contents and usually present with a delayed complication. therefore a careful examination of the entire traumatized area is the best approach in treating delayed presentation of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia prior to development o...

trauma and stressor related disorders include disorders in which exposure to a traumatic or stressful event is listed explicitly as a diagnostic criterion. these include reactive attachment disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder (ptsd), acute stress disorder, and adjustment disorders. psychological distress following exposure to a traumatic or stressful event is quite variable. in some cases, ...

the incidence of microbial keratitis after intacs implantation is extremely low and channel infection has been infrequently reported. we present a 23-year-old woman with keratoconus of both eyes who underwent implantation of two intrastromal corneal ring segments (intacs, keravision, inc., fremont, ca, usa) in the right eye. after 2.5 months, the patient presented with decreased vision, inflamm...

background: undescended testis (udt) is the most common endocrine disorder in male children. delayed diagnosis and treatment of udt lead to complications such as infertility, malignancy and testis rotation. objective: the aim of this study was to evaluate the causes of delay in proper treatment of patients with undescended testis in our population. materials and methods: an observational, descr...

Background: Delayed graft function is a main complication after deceased donor kidney transplantation that adversely affects graft outcome. Difficulties in prediction and early detection of delayed graft function have hindered the ability to perform proper therapeutic interventions. We investigated whether measuring urinary interleukin 18 and neutrophi...

tuberculosis (tb), once a disease confined to undeveloped or developing nations is currently in resurgence, which is attributable to pandemic human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection and immigration from endemic areas. tuberculous arthritis is difficult to diagnose early because of its atypical insidious clinical manifestations and nonspecific imaging findings. tb is also known as the ‘grea...

introduction: delay in the diagnosis of tuberculosis increases the risk of death and enhances the transmission of disease in the community. this study aims to determine the patient and health service delay and factors affecting it in tuberculosis diagnosis. materials & methods: a cross-sectional survey that included all the public health centers was conducted in markazi province from march 2009...

hard gelatin capsule filled with acetaminophen, osmotic agent (sorbitol), a release promoter (sodium dodecyl sulfate), coated with a semipermeable cellulose acetate membrane containing a hydrophobic plasticizer (castor oil) and sealed with white bees wax plug was designed. when placed in the sink water penetrates the membrane, dissolves the osmotic agent and increases the osmotic pressure insid...