The corruption of speech due to presence of additive background noise causes severe difficulties in various communications environments. This paper addresses the problem of reduction of additive background noise in speech. The proposed approach is a frequency dependent speech enhancement method based on the proven spectral subtraction method. Most implementations and variations of the basic spe...

Background: Nursing shortage is a global health problem and one of the main challenges for healthcare systems throughout the world including Iran. Meanwhile, a large number of Iranian nurses migrate to other countries every year. This study was conducted to determine the frequency of intention to immigration in Iranian nurses and its relationship with workload and a healthy work environment.  ...

This paper presents a theoretical and empirical study of how immigration influences the joint determination of the wage structure and internal migration behavior for native-born workers in local labor markets. Using data from the 1960–2000 decennial censuses, the study shows that immigration is associated with lower in-migration rates, higher out-migration rates, and a decline in the growth rat...

Localities in developed countries often enact regulations to deter low-income households from moving in. In developing countries, such restrictions lead to the emergence of informal housing sectors. To deter low-income migrants, localities in developing countries withhold public services to the informal housing sector. Using a large sample of Brazilian localities, we examine migration and exclu...

What are the political implications of domestic migration to the American South? Using the American National Election Studies, we track the changing dynamic of party identification and presidential voting among white southern in-migrants and natives. Although it was once thought southern in-migration from the rest of the country contributed to Republican ascendancy in the region, we find that i...

The debate on migration and development has swung back and forth like a pendulum, from developmentalist optimism in the 1950s and 1960s, to neo-Marxist pessimism over the 1970s and 1980s, towards more optimistic views in the 1990s and 2000s. This paper argues how such discursive shifts in the migration and development debate should be primarily seen as part of more general paradigm shifts in so...

We study a dynamic model of ecosystems where an immigration flux assembles the species community and maintains its biodiversity. This framework is particularly relevant for insular ecosystems. Population dynamics is represented either as an individual-based model or as a set of deterministic equations for population abundances. Local extinctions and immigrations balance at a statistically stati...

In modern multicultural societies more and more individuals deal with 2 or more cultures due to the unprecedented increase in international migration. This special section brings together research about immigrants' adaptation to various life domains, about the demands of dealing with different cultural scripts and about how immigrants can successfully bridge different cultural demands. This int...