WANG classified as Papaveraceae. Aqueous extract from Corydalis tuber is known to stimulate blood circulation and relieve pain. It has traditionally been used for the treatment of neuralgia, dysmenorrhea, and gastrointestinal spasm. The analgesic and spasmolytic properties of the Corydalis tuber are essentially ascribed to several alkaloids: DL-tetrahydropalmatine (THP), D-cotydaline, and coryd...

background: one of the main causes of sexually transmitted diseases is group b β- hemolytic streptococci (gbs) multiplying in the genital tracts. penicillin is the most common drug for the treatment of infections caused by these bacteria, but in patients suffering from penicillin allergy, erythromycin and clindamycin are used as alternative therapeutic drugs against gbs. recently, resistance to...

The central sensitization syndrome (CSS) encompasses disorders with overlapping symptoms in a structural pathology spectrum ranging from persistent nociception [e.g., osteoarthritis (OA)] to an absence of tissue injuries such as the one presented in fibromyalgia (FM) and myofascial pain syndrome (MPS). First, we hypothesized that these syndromes present differences in their cortical excitabilit...

The descending pain modulatory system is thought to undergo plastic changes following peripheral tissue injury and exerts bidirectional (facilitatory and inhibitory) influence on spinal nociceptive transmission. The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) superfamily consists of four main members: the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase1/2 (ERK1/2), the c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK...

Descending control of spinal nociception, which originates in many brain regions, is a major determinant of the pain experience. Descending control is dynamic and can either depress or enhance spinal nociceptive signalling depending on where it originates or what triggers it (Heinricher et al. 2009). A major challenge for therapeutic utility, whether that be engaged by physical or chemical mean...

The dorsal horn of the spinal cord is the location of the first synapse in pain pathways, and as such, offers a very powerful target for regulation of nociceptive transmission by both local segmental and supraspinal mechanisms. Descending control of spinal nociception originates from many brain regions and plays a critical role in determining the experience of both acute and chronic pain. The e...