his study aimed to investigate factors affecting the revenue share of Iranian tomato paste exporting companies. Flexible estimation method was used on a two-dimensional panel data set including 224 observations from 14 tomato paste manufacturing and exporting companies and 16 importing countries during 2005-12. Results showed that value added per employee in manufacturing or exporting companies...

This article, which closely follows a paper that REIL was asked to prepare by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), considers the question of non-tariff barriers and renewable energy primarily from the perspective of the law of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Further work that REIL is engaged in will also consider regional and bilateral trade and investment agreem...

Due to timely process of WTO negotiations, unwillingness of advanced industrial countries to give concessions to developing economies regarding tariff and non-tariff barriers on agricultural commodity imports, the ongoing initiatives in Northern hemisphere to establish new and wider free trading areas which will divert trade out of the market from Asian countries, and ineffectiveness of deepeni...

Protection is defined broadly as government action or inaction that discriminates in favor of home producers against foreign producers. Measurement of protection has two aspects: observing or inferring protection at the product level and appropriately aggregating the highly differentiated product level protection to manageable indexes of protection. Better practice in each aspect makes a very s...

this study concerns with calculation of iran's agricultural bilateral trade costs and major influential factors in iran's bilateral trade with developed and developing countries. the main findings revealed that over the period 1995-2010 weighted average of agricultural trade cost with developing partners has declined by 44, and with developed partners has increased by 22 percent. this reduction...

because of its very dynamic nature and its close ties with global commerce, intellectual property law is one of the liveliest areas of law. the significant of this branch of law is manifested in the debate which is going on between developed and developing countries in terms of the scope of the protection of intellectual property rights. on the one hand, the developed country argue the stronger...

in recent decades, theorists proposed the role of domestic components such as interior active groups, policies and macroeconomic indicators on determination of protection policies. in the context of recent studies, this study has investigated the effect of business cycle fluctuations on import protection for selected developing countries in 1995-2011 by using dynamic panel data method. furtherm...

Recent work in game theory has demonstrated how cooperative outcomes can be sustained when the game is played repeatedly, defectors are punished, but agents play non-cooperatively. This methodology is applied here to determine when two countries can sustain freer trade given that they determine trade policies non-cooperatively. We focus on the role of asynunetric information. Countries have pri...