It has long been speculated that cognitive subtest scatter or variability is a pathognomonic sign. Early researchers hypothesized that subtest scatter would predict scholastic potential or membership in exceptional groups (Harris & Shakow, 1937). In fact, Binet suggested that scattered passes and failures on the Binet-Simon scale were diagnostically significant (Matarazzo, 1985), and Wechsler (...

To provide effective health services, it is important to distinguish populations of people with and without diseases. Accurate diagnosis of diseases is important for delivering the appropriate treatments, implementing preventive programs in the community, and finding the causes and etiology of diseases. Therefore, a special attention should be paid to the quality of diagnostic tests. Instead of...

Reasoning Test The ART was developed by Embretson (1995) using the cognitive design system approach. ART items are matrix completion problems. Matrix completion problems appear on a variety of intelligence and ability tests. They are considered a stable measure of fluid intelligence (Raven, 1965). Construct Validity and Cognitive Diagnostic Assessment 133 Embretson (1995, 1998) further develope...

The clinical diagnosis of chronic cholecystitis (CCH) is generally verified by biopsy. It involves numerous and variable morphological findings, ranging from minimal to gross alterations in the gallbladder structure. Many surgeons have misused the term cholecystitis as a synonym for cholecystolithiasis. The controversial category of “minimal CCH” includes the presence of slight mononuclear infi...

OBJECTIVE To determine the diagnostic validity of thyroid ultrasound in differentiating between benign and malignant thyroid nodules. METHODS The cross-sectional study was conducted at Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, from August 2011 to January 2013, and comprised all patients of either gender with thyroid nodules referred for ultrasound thyroid and fine needle aspiration cytology. Ult...