Biological organisms perform complex information processing and control tasks using sophisticated biochemical circuits, yet the engineering of such circuits remains ineffective compared with that of electronic circuits. To systematically create complex yet reliable circuits, electrical engineers use digital logic, wherein gates and subcircuits are composed modularly and signal restoration preve...

Due to the high density and the low consumption power in the digital integrated circuits, mostly technology of CMOS is used. During the past times, the Metal oxide silicon field effect transistors (MOSFET) had been used for the design and implementation of the digital integrated circuits because they are compact and also they have the less consumption power and delay to the other transistors. B...

Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) are an emerging technology and a possible alternative for semiconductor transistor based technologies. A novel fault-tolerant QCA full-adder cell is proposed: This component is simple in structure and suitable for designing fault-tolerant QCA circuits. The redundant version of QCA full-adder cell is powerful in terms of implementing robust digital functions. ...

Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) are an emerging technology and a possible alternative for semiconductor transistor based technologies. A novel fault-tolerant QCA full-adder cell is proposed: This component is simple in structure and suitable for designing fault-tolerant QCA circuits. The redundant version of QCA full-adder cell is powerful in terms of implementing robust digital functions. ...

Due to the high density and the low consumption power in the digital integrated circuits, mostly technology of CMOS is used. During the past times, the Metal oxide silicon field effect transistors (MOSFET) had been used for the design and implementation of the digital integrated circuits because they are compact and also they have the less consumption power and delay to the other transistors. B...

Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) are a promising nanotechnology to implement digital circuits at the nanoscale. Devices based on QCA have the advantages of faster speed, lower power consumption, and greatly reduced sizes. In this paper, we are presented the circuits, which generate random numbers in QCA.  Random numbers have many uses in science, art, statistics, cryptography, gaming, gambli...

due to the high density and the low consumption power in the digital integrated circuits, mostly technology of cmos is used. during the past times, the metal oxide silicon field effect transistors (mosfet) had been used for the design and implementation of the digital integrated circuits because they are compact and also they have the less consumption power and delay to the other transistors. b...

Digital circuits complexity and density are increasing and at the same time it should have more quality and reliability. It leads with high test costs and makes the validation more complex. The main aim is to develop a complete behavioral fault simulation and automatic test pattern generation (ATPG) system for digital circuits modeled in verilog and VHDL. An integrated Automatic Test Generation...

Biological computation is a major area of focus in synthetic biology because it has the potential to enable a wide range of applications. Synthetic biologists have applied engineering concepts to biological systems in order to construct progressively more complex gene circuits capable of processing information in living cells. Here, we review the current state of computational genetic circuits ...

The Markov random field (MRF) theory has been accepted as a highly effective framework for designing noise-tolerant nanometer digital VLSI circuits. In MRF-based design, proper feedback lines are used to control noise and keep the circuits in their valid states. However, this methodology has encountered two major problems that have limited the application of highly noise immune MRF-based circui...