BACKGROUND One reason for stretching before or after exercise is to reduce the risk of soreness after exercise.1 Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) typically arises within the fi rst day after exercise and peaks in intensity at around 48 h.2 This review is an update of a Cochrane review fi rst published in 2007.3 A large randomised trial (2377 participants) of both pre and postexercise stretc...

The section of habitat used by particular bloodsucking insects when seeking bloodmeals may influence the spectrum of hosts to which they have access and consequently the diseases they transmit. The vertical distribution of ornithophilic bloodsucking Diptera (Culicidae, Simuliidae and Ceratopogonidae) was studied using bird-baited traps set at both ground and tree canopy levels. In total, 1240 m...

the inventory of tabanids of ivory coast includes both a review of historical datasets as well as the results of recent targeted field investigations in the north of ivory coast from 2000 to 2002 and banco forest in 2012. the family tabanidae  known as horse flies has been estimated to consist of 4,500 existing species throughout the world. four genera are known to be of medico-veterinary impor...

background: due to various climatic conditions in different parts of iran, presenting of various kinds of human myiasis is expected. despite of a few case series, most papers related to myiasis are case reports originated from various parts of iran. this study discusses on different clinical features of myiasis in iran and description of one case from tehran as a representative to nosocomial in...

Feeding behaviour, host preferences and the spectrum of available hosts determine the role of vectors in pathogen transmission. Feeding preferences of blood-feeding Diptera depend on, among others factors, the willingness of flies to attack their hosts either in the open (exophagy) or in enclosed places (endophagy). As far as ornithophilic blood-feeding Diptera are concerned, the biting midges ...

UNLABELLED Nearly thirty-five years have passed since Hackman published his "Check list of the Finnish Diptera" (1980). The number of true flies (Diptera) known from Finland has increased by more than two thousand species since then. At the same time, hundreds of erroneous records have been recognized and purged from the checklist. ZooKeys issue 441 provides a new checklist of the Diptera speci...

Myiasis is the condition or conditions resulting from the invasion of the tissues and organs of man and other animals by the eggs or larvae of dipterous flies. Such invasion may be simple, i.e. without any severe constitutional disturbances, or may result in violent disturbances causing even death. According to the site of invasion one may have cutaneous, dermal, intestinal, urinary, nasal, ora...

It has recently been reported that the synaptic acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in mosquitoes is encoded by the ace-1 gene, distinct and divergent from the ace-2 gene, which performs this function in Drosophila. This is an unprecedented situation within the Diptera order because both ace genes derive from an old duplication and are present in most insects and arthropods. Nevertheless, Drosophila po...