equity in settlement of foreign investment disputes regard of equity in judicial and non-judicial settlement of disputes is necessary. because of the international area of justice in the foreign investment disputes, the equity is more important in these cases. study of international review shows the following and predication of the equity in the adjudges. so that the equity is the basic princip...

Important progresses in logic are leading to interactive and dynamical models. Geometry of Interaction and Games Semantics are two major examples. Ludics, initiated by Girard, is a further step in this direction. The objects of Ludics which correspond to proofs are designs. A design can be described as the skeleton of a sequent calculus derivation, where we do not manipulate formulas, but their...

a r t i c l e i n f o The use of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) to solve environmental disputes is expected to increase in the near future. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the effectiveness of environmental ADR empirically. However, the majority of empirical literature of environmental ADR provides merely descriptive case studies. Using a large micro-level database from Japan, this...

WTO dispute settlement continues to be the subject of extensive scrutiny by both trade practitioners and academics. Not surprisingly, most of this analysis is legal in nature, touching upon the various arguments that have been put forward by parties to disputes and the legal foundations upon which these disputes are adjudicated. While legal and procedural issues remain the domain of trade lawye...

Many existing studies focus on disputes and resolutions but often overlook the transformation of disputes. Based on an analysis of case filing, this article explains how various factors of daily life enter the legal world through dispute formatting. When disputes are developed into lawsuits, the systematic logic of law and the logic of daily life constantly interact with each other. Dispute for...

The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) allows each autonomous system (AS) to select routes to destinations based on semantically-rich and locally-determined policies. This autonomously exercised policy-freedom can cause instability, where unresolvable policy-based disputes in the network result in interdomain route oscillations. Moreover, several recent works have established that such instabilities...

We focus on aspects of differential awareness that give rise to contractual disputes. Parties to a contract are boundedly rational as the state space available to them is coarser than the complete state space. Hence, they may disagree as to which state of the world has occurred, and therefore as to what actions are required by the contract. Such disagreement leads to disputes. We show that the ...