Paired samples of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) or small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) and the subsequent diffuse large cell lymphoma (DLL) of six cases of Richter's syndrome were investigated to establish the clonal relationship between the CLL/SLL and the DLL components and to define the oncogene and/or tumor-suppressor gene alterations involved in the morphologic transformation of CLL/SLL....

Segmental identities along the insect body depend on the activities of Hox genes [1,2]. In Drosophila melanogaster, one well-studied Hox regulatory target is Distal-less (Dll), which is required for the development of distal limb structures [3]. In abdominal segments, Dll transcription is prevented when Hox proteins of the Bithorax Complex (BX-C) bind to cis-regulatory elements upstream of the ...

Random device mismatch have a significant impact on the performance of analog circuits. This report discusses the design of a Delay Lock Loop (DLL) which is insensitive to process variation. The DLL is optimized for reduction in the variation of threshold voltage variations and is intended to be used in a clock and data recovery circuit with an input bit rate of 500 Mbps. The performance specif...

The objective of the thesis is to address the problem of clock skew between two different clock domains in modern day microprocessors due to the process, voltage and temperature (PVT) variations. In order to mitigate the misalignment of the clocks in the different clock domains, a delay line is added in all but the reference clock domain. These delay lines add or subtract the delay (as necessar...

The development of the Drosophila leg requires both Decapentaplegic (Dpp) and Wingless (Wg), two signals that establish the proximo-distal (PD) axis by activating target genes such as Distalless (Dll). Dll expression in the leg depends on a Dpp- and Wg-dependent phase and a maintenance phase that is independent of these signals. Here, we show that accurate Dll expression in the leg results from...

Analog Delay Line, " has been reviewed in final form. Permission, as indicated by the signatures and dates given below, is now granted to submit final copies to the College of Graduate Studies for approval. ABSTRACT High-speed synchronous interface circuits require that the controlling clock signals be accurately aligned. A dynamic de-skew circuit can be used to ensure good clock alignment acro...

Distal-less function Distal-less (Dll), as its name suggests, is required for distal limb development. Drosophila mutants lacking Dll function die as embryos because they lack the rudimentary larval limbs (Cohen and Jurgens, 1989). Viable combinations of Dll alleles of increasing severity can be used to generate a phenotypic series in which weak allelic combinations lead to fusions of the dista...

The homeotic genes of Drosophila are expressed in overlapping domains along the anterior-to-posterior axis and specify the distinct morphological patterns of each parasegment. Within single parasegments, the levels of homeotic gene expression are often modulated, in part because of cross-regulation by other homeotic gene products. However, the functional significance of different levels of home...

Animals have evolved diverse appendages adapted for locomotion, feeding and other functions. The genetics underlying appendage formation are best understood in insects and vertebrates. The expression of the Distal-less (Dll) homeoprotein during arthropod limb outgrowth and of Dll orthologs (Dlx) in fish fin and tetrapod limb buds led us to examine whether expression of this regulatory gene may ...

A delay-locked loop (DLL) based built-in self test (BIST) circuit has been designed with a 0.18 μ m TSMC process (CM018) to test chip I/O speeds, specifically, the setup and hold times of I/O registers or buffers. The frequency lock range of the DLL is 150-600 MHz (4x). The DLL uses a combined phase detector and charge pump circuit (PD+CP) for increased speed and reduced jitter. The DLL also em...