The evolution of bilaterally symmetric feathers is a fundamental process leading toward flight. One major unsolved mystery is how the feathers of a single bird can form radially symmetric downy feathers and bilaterally symmetric flight feathers. In developing downy feather follicles, barb ridges are organized parallel to the long axis of the feather follicle. In developing flight-feather follic...

In cholangiographic techniques, the close relationship between choledochal cyst and anomalous union of pancreaticobiliary duct has attracted medical attention. There have been rare cases in which the papilla of Vater was found in a position other than its normal position, and such cases have been reported sporadically. However, such cases are interesting in the anatomical context. In this revie...

The lip brake is a fold in the oral mucosa, originating upper and insertion alveolar mucosa. At birth, labial frenum may be inserted palatal papilla. As individual grows, he can migrate to more region, featuring normal curl. However, when it remains papilla, case of hypertrophic When pathological, this structure promote formation interincisal diastema, periodontal pocket, gingival retraction, a...

EUS-guided direct cholangio-pancreatic access (EUS-DCP) may be feasible in patients with an inaccessible papilla [1], however, it poses a challenge due to its technical difficulty and relatively high complication rate [2,3]. EUS-rendezvous may be a more feasible alternative for antegrade cholangiopancreatography (EUS-RV) in patients with an inaccessible papilla than EUS-DCP. Even in expert hand...

The dermal papilla is thought to establish the character and control the size of hair follicles. Inner Mongolia Cashmere goats (Capra hircus) have a double coat comprising the primary and secondary hair follicles, which have dramatically different sizes and textures. The Cashmere goat is rapidly becoming a potent model for hair follicle morphogenesis research. In this study, we established two ...

BACKGROUND Endoscopic treatment of advanced biliary disorders and their complications following surgical procedures is often difficult especially after Billroth II gastric resection. In such cases, endoscopic access to the papilla and neopapilla is often low, and access to the choledocho- or hepaticojejunostomy is often difficult. Thus, percutaneous cholangiodrainage or re-operation is therefor...