A typical indemnification clause requires the indemnitor to “indemnify and hold the indemnitee harmless.” It might also require the indemnitor to “defend” the indemnitee. While most legal authorities agree that the obligation to defend is different from the obligations to indemnify and hold harmless, many regard the promises to indemnify and hold harmless as synonymous, suggesting that either b...

In this paper, we describe which roles deep structures of law play in drafting legislation. Deep structures contain a formal description of the intended normative eeects of a new regulation. We will discuss mechanisms that can be used to generate diierent paraphrases of regulations automatically. Since it is possible to test the paraphrases on legal knowledge based systems, we have provided two...

Document drafting is an essential component of judicial problem solving. This paper distinguishes several classes of judicial documents based on (1) the stage of the judicial process in which they are created, (2) the complexity of the documents, and (3) the party who drafts the documents: a judge, judicial support personnel, or a litigant. Three approaches to automated document drafting are id...

The quality of legislative drafting process at European and national levels is highly influenced by the legal drafters control over the multilingual complexity of European legislation and over the linguistic and conceptual issues involved in its transposition into national laws. The DALOS project aims at ensuring coherence and alignment in the legislative language, providing law-makers with a k...

The quality of legislative drafting process at European and national levels is highly influenced by the legal drafters control over the multilingual complexity of European legislation and over the linguistic and conceptual issues involved in its transposition into national legislations. The DALOS project aims at ensuring coherence and alignment in the legislative language, providing law-makers ...

the purpose of the present study is to develop appropriate scoring scales for each of the defined stages of the writing process, and also to determine to what extent these scoring scales can reliably and validly assess the performances of efl learners in an academic writing task. two hundred and two students’ writing samples were collected after a step-by-step process oriented essay writing ins...

In the standard rules of the board game Risk, players take turns selecting or “drafting” the 42 territories on the board until all territories are owned. We present a technique for drafting territories in Risk that combines theMonte Carlo tree search algorithm UCT with an automated evaluation function. Created through supervised machine learning, this function scores outcomes of drafts in order...

This paper reports on a study which investigates prototypical characteristics of the drafting and revision phases of the translation process, mapped onto the sequential unfolding of micro translation units into macro translation units (MTUs). By using Litterae, an annotation and search tool designed to mark, annotate and extract XML files of key-logged translation process data, the paper analys...