In this paper, a supplier-retailer transportation system is investigated as a two-echelon environment. There is a single location in each echelon; the unique supplier at the first echelon has to replenish the retailer's warehouse at the second echelon. By the way, the shortage situation should be avoided. For this situation, a model is provided based on the traditional EOQ model. The inventory ...

BACKGROUND Studies into the costs of syndromic surveillance systems are rare, especially for estimating the direct costs involved in implementing and maintaining these systems. An Integrated Surveillance System in rural China (ISSC project), with the aim of providing an early warning system for outbreaks, was implemented; village clinics were the main surveillance units. Village doctors express...

We study a multiechelon supply chain model that consists of a production level and several transportation levels, where the demands can exist in the production echelon as well as any transportation echelons. With the presence of stationary production capacity and general cost functions, our model integrates production, inventory and transportation decisions and generalizes existing literature o...

Distillation columns are complex processes for modeling and controlling. These columns are significant parts of most chemical industries for separation of components. Control of this process is essential for achieving certain purity for products with a minimum cost. However, nonlinearities, multivariable interaction, non-stationary behavior and severity of disturbances inside the column made th...

We consider a distribution system with a central warehouse and multiple retailers. The warehouse orders from an outside supplier and replenishes the retailers which in turn satisfy customer demand. The retailers are nonidentical, and their demand processes are independent compound Poisson. There are economies of scale in inventory replenishment, which is controlled by an echelon-stock, batch-tr...

The theory on multi-echelon production/inventory systems is a core theory within supply chain management. It provides useful insights for design of supply chains and may be used for tactical and operational planning decisions. The multi-echelon theory started with the seminal paper of Clark and Scarf in 1960. In this tutorial, we describe for which systems optimal policies are known, which key ...

R&D depreciation rates are critical to calculating the rates of return to R&D investments and capital service costs, which are important for capitalizing R&D investments in the national income accounts and harmonizing BEA statistics with those of the productivity program of BLS. Although important, measuring R&D depreciation rates is extremely difficult because both the price and output of R&D ...

OBJECTIVES We developed a standardized cost estimation method for occupational health (OH) services. The purpose of this study was to set reference OH services costs and to conduct OH services cost management assessments in two workplaces by comparing actual OH services costs with the reference costs. METHODS Data were obtained from retrospective analyses of OH services costs regarding 15 OH ...

We consider a single-item, periodic-review, serial, multi-echelon inventory system, with linear inventory holding and penalty costs. In order to facilitate shipment consolidation and capacity planning, we assume the system has implemented periodic batching: each stage is allowed to order at given equidistant times. Further, for each stage except the most downstream one, the reorder interval is ...