H ow is memory stored? This important question has been the focus of ample research in the neurosciences. Memory, from the neural point of view, is considered a process by which the brain maintains stable stimuli representations for a period and, depending on how long a particular representation lasts, becomes a short-term memory (STM) or a longterm memory (LTM) (1). At the beginning of the 20t...

Frontal rats, subjected to electroconvulsive shock (ECS) after each experimental session, performed better than they did before ECS treatment. The other subjects, which were treated with ECS after every third session, showed lower error scores on days immediately folloiwing ECS administration that 2 or 3 days later. When only ane trial was applied every 3-4 days, the performance of the frontal ...

Electroconvulsive shock (ECS) is a highly effective therapy for the treatment of major depression, but its mechanisms of action are not known. We report that repeated ECS in rats produces enduring changes in two clinically relevant stress-responsive brain systems: (a) the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulated by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in the paraventricular nucleus; and (...

Dopamine (DA) auto receptor down regulation has been suggested to mediate the therapeutic effect of antidepressant treatments including electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Suggestion has also been made that a single ECT may have antidepressant potential via such a mechanism. The present study was therefore conducted to assess the effects ill a single electroconvulsive shock (ECS) on dopamine auto ...

Group-housed adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were given a series of 4 exposures to electroconvulsive shock therapy or equivalent handling without shock (sham treatment). Twenty-four hours after the final treatment the rats were given vehicle or one of two doses of morphine intraperitoneally, and motor activity was assessed by remote sensing for 60 min. A significant shift of the normal dose-resp...