Electroluminescent polymers are reviewed in terms of synthesis and relationships between structure and light emission properties. The main concepts, problems and ideas related to the subject as a whole and to each class of electroluminescence (EL) polymer, have been systematically addressed. The elements of device architecture were considered, such as electrode characteristics and transport lay...

Recombination zone and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) in multilayer organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) were investigated. Basis device architecture is indium tin oxide (ITO)/N, N0-diphenyl-N, N0-bis(1-naphthyl-phenyl)-1, 10-biphenyl-4, 40-diamine (NPB)/4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-tert-butyl-6-(1, 1, 7, 7tetramethyljulolidyl-9-enyl)-4H-pyran (DCJTB)/NPB (spacer)/tris-(8-hydroxyl quinolin...

Electroluminescent characteristics were investigated for the blue emitting devices fabricated with the blend systems consisting of hole transporting polytriarylamine (PTAA), electron transporting polyfluorene (PF), and a block copolymer with both segments (PF-b-PTAA) as an active layer in order to elucidate the relationship between the chemical nature and morphology of the active layer, and EL ...

This timely issue focuses on the bright future for quantum dots (QDs) in displays, from emerging perceptual metrology to blue breakthroughs and microLED color conversion electroluminescent (EL) nanoLEDs.

The Southern Oscillation, a natural mode of oscillation of the coupled ocean-atmosphere system, at times appears to be self-sustaining and hence relatively easy to predict. The 1980s seem to have been such a period; El Nino of 1982183 was the start of two complete cycles of the Southern Oscillation. At other times the oscillation seems to be a damped mode that is present for a cycle at most, af...

Erbium ͑Er͒ codoping with oxygen ͑O͒ in Si is a well-known method for producing electroluminescent material radiating at 1.54 ␮m through a 4f shell transition of Er 3+ ions. In this work the influence of exposure to 980 nm radiation on the electroluminescence ͑EL͒ of reverse biased Si:Er/O light-emitting diodes ͑LEDs͒, which give a strong room temperature 1.54 ␮m intensity, is presented and discussed. ...

■ Abstract Is El Niño one phase of a continual, self-sustaining natural mode of the coupled ocean-atmosphere that has La Niña as the complementary phase? Or is El Niño a temporary departure from “normal” conditions “triggered” by a random disturbance such as a burst of westerly winds? A growing body of evidence—stability analyses, studies of the energetics, simulations that reproduce the statis...

Despite the success in knowledge gained by the Mars missions in the last two decades, the search for traces of life on Mars is still in progress. The reconstruction of (paleo-) environments on Mars have seen a dramatic increase, in particular with regard to the potentially habitable conditions, and it is now possible to recognize a significant role to subaerial hydrothermal processes. For this ...

There has been intense debate about the causes of the 1997–1998 El Niño. One side sees the obvious intense westerly wind events as the main cause for the exceptional heating in summer 1997, the other emphasizes slower oceanic processes. We present a quantitative analysis of all factors contributing to the onset of this El Niño. At six months’ lead time the initial state contributes about 40% of...

The Neolithic menhir El Gustal is located on a karstificated Coniacian limestone. The original morphology of the monolith and the pit has been preserved, and fragments of limestone filled the hollow. This has made it possible to identify construction phases of the most elementary stone constructive typology. Firstly, the original position of the monolith in the quarry of origin has been determi...