The nucleus paragigantocellularis (PGI) is located in the rostral ventrolateral medulla and has noticeable connections with some other brain nuclei, such as locus ceruleus, nucleus raphe magnus and periaqueductal gray. In rats it is 3 mm in rostrocaudal and 1 mm in mediolateral and 1 mm in the dorsolateral aspect. Anatomically and functionally, PGI has been divided into two subnuclei, retrofaci...

Spatial learning of transgenic mice is often assessed in the Morris watermaze, where mice must use distant cues to locate a submerged platform. Such learning is confounded by species-specific noncognitive swimming strategies. Factor analysis permits cognitive and noncognitive strategies to be disentangled and their association with electrophysiological phenomena to be investigated.

buthotus schach is one of the dangers scorpion in iran that belong to the buthidae family. toxins are existing in venom scorpion, modulate the ion channels by blocking or opening the pore of the channel or by altering the voltage gating and useful as pharmacological tools. in the present study, we investigated the effect of venom and its obtained fractions by gel filtrations on electrophysiolog...

A wide variety of rhythmic electrophysiological phenomena--including driven, induced, and endogenous activities of cortical neuronal masses--lend themselves naturally to analysis using frequency--domain techniques applied to multichannel recordings that discretely sample the overall spatial pattern of the rhythmic activity. For such cases, a large but so far poorly utilized body of statistical ...

Philosophers of neuroscience have traditionally described interfield integration using reduction models. Such models describe formal inferential relations between theories at different levels. I argue against reduction and for a mechanistic model of interfield integration. According to the mechanistic model, different fields integrate their research by adding constraints on a multilevel descrip...

Compound muscle action potential (CMAP) and motor unit number estimation (MUNE) are electrophysiological techniques that can be used to monitor the functional status of a motor unit pool in vivo. These measures can provide insight into the normal development and degeneration of the neuromuscular system. These measures have clear translational potential because they are routinely applied in diag...

BACKGROUND Many arrhythmias are triggered by abnormal electrical activity at the ionic channel and cell level, and then evolve spatio-temporally within the heart. To understand arrhythmias better and to diagnose them more precisely by their ECG waveforms, a whole-heart model is required to explore the association between the massively parallel activities at the channel/cell level and the integr...