This article examines whether there exists any causal relationship between foreign trade and declining pollution in developed countries. In other words, do developed countries outsource their problems to less developed countries rather than solve them? The case study is the Swedish economy and the two environmental indicators employed are energy consumption and CO2 emissions. No causal relation...

As polices to curb carbon emissions are not implemented similarly across countries, a so-called “carbon leakage” may offset domestic reductions at the global level by redirecting CO2-intensive production places with less stringent environmental regulation. This article uses standard gravity model panel data assess whether tightening in policy plays as an incentive offshore highly polluting acti...

In modern agriculture, the energy that is consumed in every stage of production can be divided in direct (e.g. fuels and lubricants) and indirect (e.g. machinery embodied energy, materials and agrochemicals etc). This energy consumption can be examined further in environmental level as environmental impact. Environmental impact regards to the CO2 that is emitted during the production process an...

Climate change reports and policies relating to end-of-use products, CO2 emissions, and energy are causingmanufacturers to examine their operations closely. Several reports have touted the economic and environmental benefits of remanufacturing, including claims of significant reductions in terms of energy and CO2 emissions. However, large-scale remanufacturing of heavy equipment engine componen...

This paper considers the Global Thermodynamic Potential (GTP) indicator to perform a unified assessment of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and to systematically reveal the emission embodiment in the production, consumption, and international trade of the Chinese economy in 2007 as the most recent year available with input-output table and updated inventory data. The results show that the estima...

Industries with low direct CO2 emissions downstream in the industry chain have significant carbon upstream, which is similar to how leakage interprovincial regions and international commerce affects these regions. Due interchange transit of goods, there are intermediate production consumption processes across industrial sectors. The produced by each sector insufficient satisfy sector’s ultimate...

An input–output framework is adopted to estimate China’s carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions as generated by its exports in 2002. More than one half of China’s exports are related to international production fragmentation. These processing exports generate relatively little value added but also relatively little emissions. We argue that existing estimates of the CO2 content of China’s exports are si...