Kuhn (1933) proposed that the evolution of Germanic syntax began with a need to restore acceptable sentence rhythm after shift fixed initial stress. found support for his hypothesis in ‘laws’ word placement applied alliterative poetry but not prose. assumed laws were syntactic rules Proto-Germanic maintained by conservative poets. Here I argue Kuhn's Laws poetic meter obscured basic order. Adop...

This volume is the second in Ringe’s Linguistic history of English, picking up where the previous book, From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (Ringe 2006), left off. It covers the time period from the break-up of Proto-Germanic until c. 900 ce, thus ending roughly in the middle of the Old English (OE) period as traditionally conceived. The scope of this monumental project will be apparent ...

Due to the syntactic differences between Arabic and English, translating compound-complex phrases is a difficult procedure that has presented significant difficulty for translators. This demands good understanding of syntax. Having firm syntax essential when complex statements. essay investigates how affects these two languages translate phrases. The goal this study discover evaluate elements i...

Recently, syntactic information has helped significantly to improve statistical machine translation. However, the use of syntactic information may have a negative impact on the speed of translation because of the large number of rules, especially when syntax labels are projected from a parser in syntax-augmented machine translation. In this paper, we propose a syntax-label clustering method tha...