assumption of exchange rate overshooting has significant position in international macroeconomic discussion. this phenomenon is one of the abnormal behaviors of exchange rate that happen in short run. dornbusch (1976) shows that because speed of equilibrium prices is slow relative to asset markets and commodity prices are sticky in the short run, however, over time, commodity prices will rise a...

Current paper characterizes the performance of three-radio-frequency-channels, orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexed (OFDM) radio-over-fiber (RoF) transmission system in terms error-vector-magnitude and received optical signal power for a typical 10 GHz receiver obtained by comprehensive simulations. The impact transmitted OFDM channels' signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is also considered. We de...

This paper presents the estimation of bit error ratio (BER) from error vector magnitude (EVM) for M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) formats in optical coherent systems employing carrier phase recovery with differential decoding to compensate for laser phase noise. Simulation results show that the relationship to estimate BER from EVM analysis for data-aided reception can also be appli...

Standards for modern digital CDMA communication systems specify limits on the error vector magnitude (EVM) of the transmitted signal at the transmitter, whereas performance at the receiver is characterized by the bit error rate (BER). Traditionally, RF receiver specification defines limits on amplitudeand phase ripple over a certain bandwidth, IP3, IQ-mismatch, DC-offset, etc. Unfortunately, th...

A statistically consistent and physically realistic approach for validating vector magnitude measurements is developed, based on a model for random measurement noise that explicitly satisfies a nonnegativity constraint for all ‘‘noisy’’ vector magnitude measurements. Numerical and analytic approximations are used to quantify the nonlinear functional dependence of sample conditional means on tru...

Sediment transport constantly influences river and civil structures and the lack ofinformation about its exact amount makes management efforts less effective. Hence,achieving a proper procedure to estimate the sediment load in rivers is important. We usedsupport vector machine model to estimate the sediments of the Kakareza River in LorestanProvince and the results were compared with those obta...