The existing literature on trade conflicts between Japan and the European Community （EC）/the Union （EU） usually focuses interest-based bargaining Japanese actors. Moreover, studies Japan-EC/EU institutional development tend to analyze long-term changes from “issue-driven” relations amid “issue-seeking” political economic relations. However, few empirical conduct a deep analysis of process chang...

European Community (EC) legislation requires identification and registration of bovine, ovine, caprine and porcine animals. For intra-Community trade, bovine animals must be accompanied by a passport and the required health certificate, and identified by a tag on each ear. The principles of active identification of bovine animals (by ear tags) and of ovine, caprine and porcine animals (by ear t...

The paper reviews trends in tobacco use among women in the European Community (EC) between 1950 and 1990. The data suggest that EC countries occupy different points on what appears to be a common prevalence curve. Southern EC countries are represented in the early phases of this curve, marked out by sharply rising prevalence. In northern EC countries, female smoking prevalence appears to have p...

In the year 2008 I was honoured and delighted to be invited to write an editorial in OBESITY FACTS on the occasion of International Federation for the Surgery of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders – European Chapter (IFSO-EC) members joining the Editorial Board of OBESITY FACTS , and therefore the journal becoming an affiliated journal of the IFSO-EC. The 2008 editorial was entitled ‘The Circle Is...

Having in mind the high complexity of the sky radiance distribution, the Commission of the European Communities, in the frame of the Solar Energy R&D in the European Community Programme, developed among other related fields of research a clear sky radiance model. This model, the so-called EC-Model, was intended for the estimation of the diffuse irradiance falling on an inclined surface by integ...

Since 1991 the European Medicines Agency (EMA, formerly EMEA) adopted the Guidelines of the International Conference onHarmonization (ICH) onGoodClinical Practice (GCP). In this regard, one European Union (EU) Guideline and three EU Directives are in force at present, that is, the E6/CPMP/ICH/135/95 GCP Guideline, Directive 2001/83/EC (Community Codex on Pharmaceuticals), Directive 2001/20/ EC ...

Abstract. The Earth system model EC-Earth3 for contributions to CMIP6 is documented here, with its flexible coupling framework, major configurations, a methodology ensuring the simulations are comparable across different high-performance computing (HPC) systems, and physical performance of base configurations over historical period. variety possible sub-models reflects broad interests in EC-Ear...

This paper analyses the contribution of food processing industries in Spanish regional development. The agrofood industry is one of the most important industrial sectors in Spain and, in recent years, it has been an important component in the development of rural áreas. Factors affecting the location of food industries and changes taking place after accession to the European Community (EC) are ...

Ladies and Gentlemen, at last year’s conference I presented to you a wide variety of ongoing and proposed reforms with which the European Union intends to meet actual and future challenges for its competition policy. Today, one year later, we have made considerable progress in many respects. Most importantly, with our White Paper of 28 April 1999, we have launched the process for a fundamental ...

In the midst of promising perceived benefits, the electronic commerce (EC) environment entails greater challenges than those posed by conventional trade. In addition to privacy and security concerns, researchers and businesses alike are increasingly aware that the lack of trust for online vendors experienced by consumers constitutes a serious barrier to the widespread adoption and successful pr...