Railways, which had long been neglected in Turkey, reclaim their significance once more with the new investments that are being made in recent years. In correlation with growing demand for transportation, the need for high-speed railway lines and for bridges and viaducts, which constitute integral components of railways, increases by the day. In many European states, there are railways that can...

Railway transportation plays an important role in the economic development of Iran. National Iranian Railways includes fifteen regional railways which operate independently, but under the supervision of National Iranian Railways Company. Evaluating the efficiency of regional railways is an important issue in Iran and is one of the bases for budget and resource allocation for further developmen...

1872 marked the start of commercial railway operations in Japan, nearly half a century after railways had started in the UK. However, electric railways did not appear until 1890 at an exhibition held in Ueno, 10 years after the start in Europe but only 2 years after Frank J. Sprague (1857–1934) started running electric streetcars in Richmond, USA, in 1888, which triggered the rapid spread of el...

A method to calculate the network-wide costs of realizing di!erent noise control possibilities and their bene"ts in terms of noise reduction for lineside inhabitants has been implemented in Switzerland. These studies have shown that an optimal cost distribution consists of spending 65% of the available "nances on rolling stock improvement, 30% on noise control barriers and 5% on insulated windo...

Railways were the most important infrastructure development in India from 1850 to 1947. They were inter-connected with all aspects of Indian society. In terms of the economy, railways played a major role in integrating markets and increasing trade. Domestic and international economic trends shaped the pace of railway construction and the demand for the important traffic flows to the ports. In t...

When the railways were nationalized between 1906 and 1907, the skeleton of the nationwide trunk rail network was nearly completed, as mandated in the Railway Construction Act of 1892. At the end of 1907, nationalized railway lines in operation totalled 7,165 km. Construction continued and 2,677 km of line were added by the end of 1919. In addition to active line expansion, the first decade afte...

Functionalities of a variety of complex systems involve cooperations among multiple components; for example, a transportation system provides convenient transfers among airlines, railways, roads, and shipping lines. A layered model with interacting networks can facilitate the description and analysis of such systems. In this paper we propose a model of traffic dynamics and reveal a transition a...