This paper presents the measurement and prediction of received signal level path loss through vegetation. Results were estimated under free space, single tree, vegetation conditions which revealed that presence isolated trees along a radio can affect propagation leading to reduction in strength (attenuation). The attenuation was found be dependent on many factors parameters e.g. Geometry measur...

The classical evaluation of pure premiums for excess of loss reinsurance with reinstatements requires the knowldege of the claim size distribution of the insurance risk. In the situation of incomplete information, where only a few characteristics of the aggregate claims to an excess of loss layer can be estimated, the method of stop-loss ordered bounds yields a simple analytical distribution-fr...