The proposed work deals with highly complex, multi-dimensional systems/processes that cannot be described using low-level details. This is due to the complexity and uncertainty inherent in their nature of functionality, behaviour, interaction, hierarchy and geometry. To keep pace with such complexity and uncertainty, abstract modelling would be useful in predicting the level and nature of the e...

A group G is called a group with basis property if there exists a basis (minimal generating set) for every subgroup H of G and every two bases are equivalent. A group G is called a group with exchange property, if x / ∈ 〈X〉 ∧ x ∈ 〈X ∪ {y}〉 , then y ∈ 〈X ∪ {x}〉, for all x, y ∈ G and for every subset X ⊆ G. In this research, we proved the following: Every polycyclic group satisfies the basis prop...

We examine the effect of insecure property and its accompanying enforcement costs on the ef®ciency of exchange. Because of the large enforcement costs that may be induced by the expectation of exchange, limited settlement without exchange may be ex ante superior for an adversary or even Pareto dominant. We therefore show how the removal of restrictions on exchange and the development of secure ...

In this paper, we show that for any two bases B and B of a regular matroid, there is an element e ∈ B such that there is a unique element f ∈ B for which both (B\{e}) ∪ {f} and (B\{f}) ∪ {e} are bases of M. This solves a problem posed by White in 1980.

This paper compares the effects of exchange rate movements on the risk/return characteristics of direct investment property assets for non-domestic investors with particular emphasis on economic and translation risk. The correspondence between four property markets (US, UK, Canada, and Australia) and the appropriate exchange rates are examined in order to analyse the pattern and temporal stabil...