BACKGROUND Limitations in physical activity are considered as a key problem in patients with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). Contemporary methods to assess the level of physical activity in PwMS are regular clinical observation. However, these methods either rely on high recall and accurate reporting from the patients (e.g. self-report questionnaires), or they are conducted during a particular clini...

The key problem of the theory of exterior differential systems (EDS) is to decide whether or not a system is in involution. The special case of EDSs generated by one-forms (Pfaffian systems) can be adequately illustrated by a 2-dimensional example. In 4 dimensions two such problems arise in a natural way, namely, the Riemann-Lanczos and the Weyl-Lanczos problems. It is known from the work of Ba...

Materials and methods: The study was based on a mixed method, based partly on real-world data on 546 RRMS patients treated with IFNβ from a previous observational study [1], and partly from the review of cost studies in the published literature. Reverting and fluctuating patients were not considered in this evaluation. EDSS level (measured at 630 months) and average relapse rates were analysed ...

During the preliminary stages of many engineering design tasks, the underlying search space is unbounded and inexact. Initial decisions are made when information is incomplete and many goals are contradictory. This sort of problem appeared in Catalonia for the identification of appropriate wastewater treatment systems in small communities, as well as for proposing appropriate operational and ma...

Tobacco smoking has been linked to an increased risk of multiple sclerosis. However, to date, results from the few studies on the impact of smoking on the progression of disability are conflicting. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of smoking on disability progression and disease severity in a cohort of patients with clinically definite multiple sclerosis. We analysed data fr...

BACKGROUND The number and volume of abnormalities on baseline brain magnetic resonance images in patients with initial findings suggestive of multiple sclerosis are known to predict outcome in terms of disability. However, no long-term data exist on specific locations or types of lesions. OBJECTIVE To assess the long-term predictive value of baseline magnetic resonance imaging parameters, inc...

BACKGROUND Exercise programmes that can demonstrate evidence of long-lasting clinical effectiveness are needed for people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to assess the effects of a practically implemented exercise programme on self-directed exercise behaviour and important health outcomes in PwMS to nine months of follow-up. METHODS We conducted a p...