This paper considers how habitat geometry affects New Zealand bird distributions on land-bridge islands, oceanic islands, and forest patches. The data base consists of distributions of 60 native land and freshwater bird species on 31 islands. A theoretical section examines how species incidences should vary with factors such as population density, island area, and dispersal ability, in two case...

It has become common practice to fit GARCH models to financial time series by means of pseudo maximum likelihood. In this study we investigate the behaviour of several maximum likelihood based methods for estimating the Garch model parameters and for estimating volatility and risk measures (VaR and expected shortfall). We consider NIG, skewed-t, t and nonparametric kernel densities for this pur...

Background: The dosimetric parameters required in lung cancer radiation therapy are taken from a homogeneous water phantom; however, during treatment, the expected results are being affected because of its inhomogeneity. Therefore, it becomes necessary to quantify these deviations.Objective: The present study has been undertaken to find out inter- and intra- lung density variations and its dosi...

Abstract Passes are by far football’s (soccer) most frequent event, yet surprisingly little meaningful research has been devoted to quantify them. With the increase in availability of so-called positional data, describing positioning players and ball at every moment game, our work aims determine difficulty pass calculating its success probability based on surrounding circumstances. As experts w...

0 Species richness typically increases with the number of individuals sampled\ although many ecological processes that in~uence species richness are also well known to depend on density of individuals[ We separated the e}ects of density on species richness that are due to sampling\ from those due to density!dependent ecological processes such as competition or predation\ by manipulating the den...