We extend Melitz (2003) to allow for both global and bilateral fixed export costs. If global (bilateral) export costs dominate, the average sales ratio (import sales per product variety/domestic sales per variety), decreases (increases) in variable (fixed) trade barriers, due to adjustment along the intensive (extensive) margin of trade. Using novel data on bilateral US movie exports we find th...

Using estimates of protection in the EU market against US exports, this paper illustrates the relative importance of natural and policy sources of protection and the measurement errors induced in the measurement of effective protection by omitting transactions costs. It also considers protection in the EU 'domestic' and export market, and the implications of the elimination of tariff barriers o...

in the new millennium, information technology (it) has become very effective and this is becoming evident in both developed and developing countries. these areas are especially within the fields of information gathering, in the broadest sense, and of developing and strengthening networks both internal and external to the surrounding environment. today, more and more companies, organizations and...

Determinants of a firm’s export-sales ratio (degree of internationalisation) are frequently discussed in the literature related to individual firms’ export activities. Stylised facts show a positive relationship between firm size and firm age on the one hand and the firm’s export-sales ratio on the other hand. However, anecdotic evidence and recent empirical results revealed that it is not size...

that restrict trade between countries in agricultural commodities. Many of these policies are now subject to important disciplines under the 1994 GATT agreement that is administered by the World Trade Organization (WTO). The paper is organized as follows. First, tariffs, import quotas, and tariff rate quotas are discussed. Then, a series of non-tariff barriers to trade are examined, including v...

The fishing industry not only acts as foreign exchange earner but also plays an important role in China’s economy. But with the development of technology and liberalization of international trade, the foreign countries adopted in succession trade barriers to limit China’s fishery product export, which had make China’s fishery product export disproportionated with fishery products production. By...

The objective of this study is to analyse the effect four export barrier groups – human capital, cultural, administrative, and financial on product barrier. participants constitute a statistically significant sample 318 exporting companies in Brazil. research model tested using structural equation modelling, specifically partial least squares (PLS-SEM) technique, SmartPLS version 3.2.9. results...

This study examines the effects of trade liberalization on the extensive and intensive margins of import and export in developing countries. The study use the duties and the trade liberalization dummy variable (the year which countries have significant reforms in trade policies) to represent trade liberalization. As a result, the study found that the trade liberalization has a significant impac...