<p>Critical land in Indonesia is the result of weather disturbances, natural disasters, farming behavior without considering preservation nature, and unwise use chemical fertilizers. Critical tends to be acidic has a soil structure that does not support cultivation. Coffee plants are flexible plants, their root systems ecology can improve structure. The need for coffee at home abroad incr...

• The grassland extensification can reduce future soil carbon emission by ? 1 ‰ thus below proposed Paris 4‰ initiative. afforestation could offset CO 2 emissions at a maximum rate Mg C ha ?1 y -1 only after 30 years delay. Offsetting average person emissions, 10300 kg year , requires of 1.4 spruce. Land use change agricultural soils cannot play major role in Finland’s ambitious goal being neut...

Abstract A split-panel latent class stochastic frontier model is applied to account for technological heterogeneity among Swiss dairy farms and assess the potential performance improvements through technology choice change over 11 years. Three classes with substantially different productivity levels are identified considering unobserved observed farm characteristics. Technologies seem on averag...

In agricultural grassland, high herbage utilisation efficiency (HEFF), which is the proportion of gross live-green production that utilised before entering senescence, ensured by frequent defoliation. The decision upon defoliation frequency to apply depends on farming intensity. Assuming a reduced total accumulation near trees in silvopastoral systems, defoliations with HEFF become less worthwh...

Agri-environmental schemes provide payments for farmers in return for environmental services. Their implementation induces transaction costs for administration and farmers. Although transaction costs became subject of research in recent years, little attention has been paid to activities which create them. This paper uses insights from Principal-Agent-Theory to show, how information gaps betwee...