BACKGROUND Social systems are dealing with the challenge of achieving fairness in the distribution of financial burden and protecting the risk of financial loss. The purpose of this paper is to present a trend analysis for the indicators related to fairness in healthcare's financial burden in rural and urban population of Iran during the eight years period of 2003 to 2010. METHODS We used the...

The idea that cooperative groups out-compete less cooperative groups has been proposed as a theoretical possibility for the evolution of cooperation through cultural group selection. Previous studies have found an association between increased cooperation and exposure to inter-group violence, but most have not been able to identify the specific target of cooperation and are based on correlation...

In a public-good experiment with heterogeneous endowments, we investigate if and how the contribution level as well as the previously observed fair-share rule of equal contributions relative to one’s endowment (Hofmeyr et al., 2007; Keser et al., 2014) may be influenced by minimum-contribution requirements. We consider three different schedules: FixMin, requiring the same absolute contributions...

In this paper, we present the first end-to-end fairness analysis of a network of fair servers. We argue that it is difficult to extend existing single-node fairness analysis to an end-to-end analysis of a network where each node may employ a different fair scheduling algorithm. We then present a two-step approach for end-to-end fairness analysis of heterogeneous networks. First, we define a cla...

Economic development and advancements in information technology contributed to the shift on accounting objective from commission responsibility view to decision-making useful view. The decision-making useful view claims that the accounting measurement methods should be changed to improve the usefulness of accounting information, to enable information users to make correct decisions. In addition...

The concept of fairness index for self-authority servers in a large-scale network is introduced in this paper. The index quantifies the relative contributions of the servers to network routing, and can be used in network administration processes, such as negotiation of Multi-Lateral Peering Agreements. The fairness index concept leads naturally to the idea of an absolutely fair solution, which ...

BACKGROUND Throughout the world, financing the healthcare system through households' financial contribution is a challenging issue in evaluating performance of healthcare systems. The purpose of this paper is illustrating the consequences of Iranian household to health system financial contribution in terms of burden and incomes approaches. METHOD The Data derived from an annual survey by Sta...

Fundamental economic principles provide a rationale for requiring financial institutions to use mark-to-market, or fair value, accounting for financial reporting. The recent turmoil in financial markets, however, has raised questions about whether fair value accounting is exacerbating the problems. In this paper, we review the history and practice of fair value accounting, and summarize the lit...