long-throated flumes are measurement structures often used in water and wastewater systems to determine the flow discharge. the head-discharge relationship of long-throated flumes is traditionally determined following the critical flow theory and the boundary layer concept. after a review of the traditional approach and an analysis of the approximate assumptions of the boundary layer approach, ...

sedimentation in reservoirs reduces dams storage and makes many problems in their operation. therefore accurate computation of sediment volume is essential for appropriate design and optimum reservoir management during its operation. in this research long term field data of sefid-rood dam were used to check the sediment volume computed for ghezelozan basin. the computed volume of sediment by ra...

Objective: The goal of this paper was to evaluate the validity foot and ankle offset (FAO) measurements in setting severe deformities. Methods: This study included 57 feet (36 patients) that had a history cavovarus deformity. Each participant received weight-bearing computed tomography (WBCT) scan then used measure FAO. measurement performed once using traditional technique two additional times...

Estimated daily reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo) is normally used to determine the water requirement of crops using the crop factor method. Many ETo estimation methods have been developed for different types of climatic data, and the accuracy of these methods varies with climatic conditions. In this study, pair−wise comparisons were made between daily ETo estimated from eight different E...

Crop coefficient curves provide simple, reproducible means to estimate crop evapotranspiration (ET) from weather-based reference ET values. The dual crop coefficient sKcd method of the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United States (FAO) Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 56 (FAO-56) is intended to improve daily simulation of crop ET by considering separately the contribution of evapora...

BACKGROUND The role of fixed airflow obstruction (FAO) in asthma is unclear. OBJECTIVE To assess the relationship between FAO and clinical features of asthma and the effect of FAO on treatment response. METHODS Post hoc descriptive analysis of data stratified by FAO category (screening post-albuterol FEV1/FVC <lower limit of normal [LLN] [FAO+] or ≥LLN [FAO-]) from two 12-week, randomized, ...

The aim of this study was to combine the FAO-56 dual approach and remotely-sensed data for mapping water use (ETc) in irrigated wheat crops of a semi-arid region. The method is based on the relationships established between Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and crop biophysical variables such as basal crop coefficient, cover fraction and soil evaporation. A time series of high spati...

We detail an innovative new technique for measuring the 2-D velocity moments (rotation velocity, velocity dispersion and Gauss-Hermite coefficients h3 and h4) of the stellar populations of galaxy halos using spectra from Keck DEIMOS multi-object spectroscopic observations. The data are used to reconstruct 2-D rotation velocity maps. Here we present data for five nearby early-type galaxies to ∼3...

reference evapotranspiration is an important parameter in irrigation systems&apos; design that is evaluated through either direct (lysimeter) or calculated method (empirical equations). when there is a lack of lysimeters&apos; data, penman monteith fao method could be employed as a standard method for evaluating the other empirical methods&apos; results. in this research, 13 year evaporation pa...