Raman spectral shifts of carbonaceous materials arising from faulted rocks produce varied and complex results. By analyzing adjacent non-faulted samples three discrete localities in France, Italy, Morocco, we assess changes specific parameters, including G-peak width, position, peak intensity ratios. We consistently observe a shift parameters between samples; however, the direction magnitude th...

Regional and local characteristics of active fault patterns and elevation variation throughout Honshu, Japan are characterized in terms of their fractal dimensions; this allows variation in these complex variables to be compared directly to the scalar properties of net Quaternary vertical displacement, elevation and 10and 110-year horizontal strains. The comparisons reveal that, throughout Hons...

Fault location and distance protection are essential smart grid technologies ensuring reliability of the power system. This paper describes an accurate algorithm for locating faults on double-circuit transmission lines. The proposed approach is capable of identifying the faulted circuit of a parallel transmission line by checking the estimated fault location and fault resistance. Voltage and cu...