Some problems related to Gribov copies in lattice gauge-fixing and their possible solution are discussed. 1 Gribov and Gauge-Fixing Problem The Faddeev-Popov[1] quantization gives a meaning to the formal (euclidean) expectation value of a gauge invariant observable operator: 〈O〉 = ∫ δA exp[−S(A)] O(A) ∫ δA exp[−S(A)] (1) The Faddeev-Popov method requires the choice of a gauge fixing condition: ...

Measurement of the distribution of the photosynthesis product in the symbiotic association of a legume, a mycorrhizal fungus, and nitrogen-fixing bacteria showed that the fungus incorporated 1 percent of the photosynthesis product and respired 3 percent. The nodules of a 5-week-old plant utilized 7 to 12 percent of the photosynthesis product. The legume compensated in partfor the needs of its m...

Nitrogen-fixing activity associated with different wetland rice varieties was measured at various growth stages by an in situ acetylene reduction method after the activities of blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) in the flood water and on the lower portion of the rice stem were eliminated. Nitrogen-fixing activities associated with rice varieties differed with plant growth stages. The activities i...

The three fundamental geometric components of YangMills theory -gauge field, gauge fixing and ghost fieldare unified in a new object: an extended connection in a properly chosen principal fiber bundle. To do this, it is necessary to generalize the notion of gauge fixing by using a gauge fixing connection instead of a section. From the equations for the extended connections curvature, we derive ...

A Front-Fixing Finite Element Method for the Valuation of American Options by Anthony D. Holmes Dr. Hongtao Yang, Examination Committee Chair Associate Professor of Mathematics University of Nevada, Las Vegas American options are the most commonly traded options in the market. They are used to mitigate risk, speculate about the future, and are the key components of complex trading strategies. I...

Abstract It is common practice for government agencies to fix signs – and indeed even official temporary notices onto masonry structures using steel nails. This method of fixing destructive; it causes irreversible damage the material fabric, which has a bearing on overall aesthetic building, scenario more acute if site cultural heritage significance. Stones concrete blocks (locally referred as ...

We propose a method which allows the generalization of the Landau lattice gauge-fixing procedure to generic covariant gauges. We report preliminary numerical results showing how the procedure works for SU(2) and SU(3). We also report numerical results showing that the contribution of finite lattice-spacing effects and/or spurious copies are relevant in the lattice gauge-fixing procedure.