Trapping sets have been identified as one of the main factors causing error floors of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes at high SNR values. By adding several new rows to the original parity-check matrix, a novel method is proposed to eliminate small trapping sets in the LDPC code’s Tanner graph. Based on this parity-check matrix extension, we design new codes with low error floors from the ...

This paper studies effects of price floors in a simple model of vertical product differentiation. We find that even non-binding price floors can increase quality on the market, if the cost of quality is sufficiently low. Where a binding price floor does not change the equilibrium quality, it makes consumers worse off. There is also a possibility of overinvestment into quality as a result of the...

Denote by Sk the set of floors that can be reached from floor 32 in k, but not in k − 1, steps. Then, obviously, S0 = 32. Now we give description of the algorithm for computing Sk, for any k > 0, assuming that all S0, S1, . . . , Sk−1 have been computed. From the definition of Sk it follows that any element x of Sk was reached from at least one of x − 11, where x − 11 ∈ Sk−1 and x + 6, where x ...

OBJECTIVE Purpose was to determine the effects of grazing system and floor type on concentrations of blood metabolites, activity of creatine kinase, body weight and carcass characteristics of castrated Nguni goats. METHODS Forty eight, 7 month old goats were randomly allocated to herding and tethering treatments from 0800 to 1300 hours and accommodated on slatted and earth floors daily. Blood...

Traders with speci c characteristics operating in a pairwise exchange market may prefer to meet other traders with similar (or complementary) characteristics, while other categories of traders may not have such preferences. The existence of the second type imposes a negative externality on the rst. Under conditions which are not very restrictive, establishing a trading oor designated for the fo...

This paper is an extension of an earlier work on “building regulations‟ impact on natural ventilation in Dhaka‟s apartment buildings”. Four schemes of building regulations (each offering different „maximum allowable footprint‟ with a different „maximum building height‟) were examined. Due to unavailability of large computation resource, only bottom floors, least privileged in terms of wind acce...

The welfare of laboratory rats housed on either solid or grid floors was investigated in several ways. No differences were found in body weight gain, food consumption or water consumption amongst rats housed in either condition. When handling was standardized between the 2 groups, there was no correlation between flooring and docility. Preference testing revealed that rats chose to dwell on sol...

Price floors in greenhouse gas emissions trading schemes can have advantages for technological innovation, price volatility, and management of cost uncertainty, but implementation has potential pitfalls. We argue that the best mechanism for implementing a price floor is to have firms pay an extra fee or tax. This has budgetary advantages and is more compatible with international permit trading ...

Novel compliant floors aim to decrease the risk for fall-related injury by providing substantial force attenuation during the impact phase of falls. Certain models of compliant flooring have been shown to have limited influence on postural sway and successful completion of dynamic balance tasks. However, the effects of these products on balance recovery mechanisms following an externally induce...

Hospital floors become contaminated by settlement of airborne bacteria, by contact with shoes, trolley wheels, and other solid objects, and occasionally by the spilling of urine, pus, sputum, and other fluids. Pathogens commonly present on the floor include Staphylococcus aureus dispersed by patients and staff, and (in much smaller numbers) Gram-negative rods, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Sp...