Many rapid radiations, or bushes, throughout the Tree of Life remain unresolved. Here, we investigated how the shape of a bush interacts with two key processes -­ coalescence and mutation -­ that can lead to errors in phylogenetic species and sampling more loci as well as the utility of a species tree method based upon gene tree reconciliat...

In this paper we consider Markov processes in which the state at time t is & : Zd + (0, 1,2}. We think of 0 = grass, 1 = bushes, and 2 = trees, and formulate the evolution as follows: (i) l’s and 2’s each die (i.e. become 0) at rate 1. (ii) l’s (resp. 2’s) give birth at rate A, (resp. A,). (iii) If the birth occurs at x the offspring is sent to a site chosen at random from {y: y -x E X}, K = th...

There has been a growing recognition among noise researchers that natural elements and natural areas of the built environment have potentials to reduce annoyance due to traffic noise. It has been suggested that presence of vegetation (e.g., trees, bushes, grass, flowers) contributes to an aesthetically pleasing environment, which influence overall residential satisfaction and people‟s perceptio...

Aspects of the production and vegetative performance of Calluna vulgaris (heather) were examined in four areas of New Zealand between 1981 and 1983; Tongariro National Park in the North Island, together with Mount Cook National Park, the Wilderness Scientific Reserve, and Ben Callum peat bog in the South Island. The height and height/width quotient of Calluna bushes, the diameter increment of w...

The traditional approach is defined as the types of activities employed by taxonomic authorities to collect the species of their expertise, normally accomplished by these authorities visiting habitats favored by the organisms under investigation, and using collecting techniques most likely to result in specimens. These techniques may involve, for example, turning over rocks and inspecting them ...

November 2006 | Volume 4 | Issue 11 | e352 Genome analyses are delivering unprecedented amounts of data from an abundance of organisms, raising expectations that in the near future, resolving the tree of life (TOL) will simply be a matter of data collection. However, recent analyses of some key clades in life’s history have produced bushes and not resolved trees. The patterns observed in these ...