one of the methods of the past scholars for better and faster learning of sciences has been the versification of scientific material. this type of poetry is called ta‘līmī (didactic) in technical terms. many scholarly manẓūmas (poetic compositions) on such sciences as jurisprudence, uṣūl (principles of jurisprudence), ethics, logics, philosophy, theology, rijāl (biographies of dignitaries), and...

Just War Theory can be found in almost all major cultures. But since war was a business that could not be easily stopped, some aimed to constrain it. In its classic form, Just War Theory has been around for several centuries—ever since nationhood in Europe replaced provincial governments. Having made some introductory considerations, I will ask: should Just War Theory be left as it is, changed,...

Eye care in Hawai'i has changed dramatically since 1778. The ancient Hawaiians lacked any optical aids and had only the most primitive methods of treatment for their visual problems. During the next 200 years, Island residents benefited from a succession of technical innovations and new professional skills, all introduced from abroad: spectacles, optometry, ophthalmology, contact lenses, cornea...

Probably the most important scientific breakthrough of the last quarter of the previous century was related to tremendous progress in cosmology. From a poor relative of distinguished family of fundamental science characterized by the words prescribed to L. Landau: “always in error but never in doubt”, cosmology turned, or is turning, into an exact science and possibly the most interesting one. ...

The present study analyzes computer performance over the last century and a half. Three results stand out. First, there has been a phenomenal increase in computer power over the twentieth century. Depending upon the standard used, computer performance has improved since manual computing by a factor between 1.7 trillion and 76 trillion. Second, there was a major break in the trend around World W...

ANTHONY DENT (editor), The horse through fifty centuries of civilization, London, Phaidon Press, 1974, 4to, pp. 288, illus., £8.95. For more than five thousand years until about sixty years ago, the history of the horse was the history of man. Although the dog has been man's best animal friend, the horse has been much more a part of his civilization than any other of his domesticated animals. A...

This paper investigates very long run pre-industrial economic development. New annual GDP per capita data for six European countries over the last seven hundred years paints a clearer picture of the history of European economic development. First, it confirms that sustained growth has been a recent phenomenon, but rejects the argument that there was no permanent growth in living standards befor...