We present the Isabelle/HOL formalisation of some key equa-tional properties of the untyped λ-calculus with one-sorted variable names. Existing machine formalisations of λ-calculus proofs typically rely on alternative representations and/or proof principles to facilitate mechanization and we briefly account for these works. Our own development remains faithful to the standard textbook presentat...

PURPOSE To determine the appropriateness of statistical models using the truncated Gaussian distribution and gamma distribution for diffusion signal decay, and to assess the correlation between the parameters obtained from the statistical models and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). METHODS Twenty-nine patients with chronic kidney disease and 21 healthy volunteers were included and...

Background: Ionizing radia on causes cogni ve impairment in adult brain. However, the effects of various irradia on protocols with frac onated fixed total dose on hippocampal func on have not yet been studied. Materials and Methods: Frac onated whole brain irradia on with a total dose of 36 Gy was performed according to the following protocols: 2Gy-18 frac ons (2Gy*18), 4Gy-9 frac on (4Gy*9) an...

Shifting markets can cause unexpected, stochastic changes in rural landscapes that may take local communities by surprise. Preferential siting of new industrial facilities in poor areas or in areas with few regulatory restrictions can have implications for environmental sustainability, human health, and social justice. This study focuses on frac sand mining-the mining of high-quality silica san...

Gamification and game-based learning (GBL) has been widely implemented in educational processes, mainly elementary education; it applied less frequently university education. The objective was to test the effect of game-mediated teaching strategies on mathematics first-year engineering students. A quantitative study done within framework a design-based research. Eighty-one (81) students partici...

A language for programming-in-the-large should support architectural descriptions of an entire product line. The evaluation of programs-in-the-large should generate the architecture of individual products and should link implementations-in-the-small to form an executable product. The Standard ML (SML) module language 20] could serve this task, but it is not referentially transparent. Furthermor...

Most of AI research on temporal reasoning has been devoted to either exploring constraint-based temporal deduction techniques or investigating diverse logics extended with time. Nevertheless the formal study of deductive systems for such temporal extended logics has received little attention. This paper presents a general framework for temporal reasoning in knowledge-based systems resulting fro...

The do-calculus was developed in 1995 to facilitate theidentification of causal effects in non-parametric mod-els. The completeness proofs of [Huang and Valtorta,2006] and [Shpitser and Pearl, 2006] and the graphi-cal criteria of [Tian and Shpitser, 2010] have laid thisidentification problem to rest. Recent explorations un-veil the usefulness of the do-calculus in three ...

Hydraulic fracturing is used to increase the permeability of shale gas formations and involves pumping large volumes of fluids into these formations. A portion of the frac fluid remains in the formation after the fracturing process is complete, which could potentially contribute to deleterious microbially induced processes in natural gas wells. Here, we report on the geochemical and microbiolog...

The logic of context with the ist (c;p) modality has been proposed by McCarthy as a foundation for con-textual reasoning. This paper shows that proposi-tional logic of context is NP-complete and therefore more tractable than multimodal logics or Multi Language hierarchical logics which are PSPACE-complete. This result is given in a proof-theoretical way by providing a tableau calculus, which ca...