Electron ionization mass spectrometry and density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been used to study the fragmentation of diastereoisomers of protected 1,2-diaminoalkylphosphonic acids. The loss of a diethoxyphosphoryl group and the elimination of diethyl phosphonate were found to be competitive fragmentation processes, which can be used to differentiate both stereoisomers. Selective ...

In this paper the relationship between three types of trade specialization is analyzed for the period 1990 to 2000. For nine East-Asian countries and the United States the developments in international fragmentation, export specialization and intra-industry specialization are investigated. Asian countries, and specifically China, now play a larger role in international trade. The formation of p...

In this paper, we introduce a new property for graphs called bounded fragmentation, by which we mean after removing any set of at most k vertices the number of connected components is bounded only by a function of k. We demonstrate how bounded fragmentation can be used to measure the reliability of a network and introduce several classes of bounded fragmentation graphs. Finally, we pose some op...

We present a QCD based interpretation of heavy quark fragmentation which utilizes the heavy quark mass expansion. By distinguishing between perturbative and non-perturbative QCD effects, we show how to reliably extract mass independent parameters characterizing the fragmentation function. Because these parameters are quark mass independent, this procedure should permit tests of heavy quark symm...

Net neutrality is believed to prevent Internet fragmentation. We examine the relationship between net neutrality regulation and Internet fragmentation in a game-theoretic model that considers the interplay between termination fees, exclusivity and competition between two Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and between two Content Providers (CPs). An exclusivity arrangement between an ISP and a CP...

CDF recently measured the quantity σ(B + c ) σ(B+) BR(B c →J/ψlν) BR(B+→J/ψK+) , from which we determine the ratio σ(B + c ) σ(b̄) to be (2.08 −0.95) × 10−3. If we interpret this ratio as a fragmentation probability, we show that this ratio is consistent with the prediction by perturbative QCD Bc fragmentation function of Braaten, Cheung, and Yuan. We also estimate the parameter mc (charm quark ...

Phenomenological and theoretical aspects of fragmentation for elementary particles (resp. nuclei) are discussed. It is shown that some concepts of classical fragmentation remain relevant in a microscopic framework, exhibiting non-trivial properties of quantum relativistic field theory (resp. lattice percolation).