From the late nineteenth century onwards, the phenomena of vision and the anatomy and physiology of the eye of marine animals induced many zoologists, ethologists, physiologists, anatomists, biochemists, and ophthalmologists to travel to the Zoological Station in Naples. Initially, their preferred research objects were fish, but it soon became evident that cephalopods have features which make t...

This article deals with military honour in nineteenth-century Spain, after first examining how the meaning of this term evolved from revolutionary Napoleonic wars onwards. highly important moral value was learnt moment someone joined army, and even before then, through education common public demonstrations. It related to individual behaviour, while also maintaining a high collective corporativ...

This study examines Nordic economic convergence from the sixteenth to twentieth century respective of leaders, in effect UK before 1914 and USA thereafter. The paper uses a novel approach combining analysis both GDP wages. examination real per capita suggests that there was catch-up process play, with leaders among states, early nineteenth onwards. However, adjusted silver wages economies by en...

a r t i c l e i n f o Artists have depicted soils in paintings since medieval times, and most landscape and soil paintings were made in the eighteenth century. The systematic study of soils started later and soil science was dominated by agricultural chemistry for most of the nineteenth century. Since the late 1800s soil profile drawings, paintings and photographs have been depicted in hundreds...

2 The heavens declare the glory of God, And the firmament showeth his handiwork. 3 Day unto day uttereth speech, And night unto night showeth knowledge. 4 There is no speech nor language, Their voice is unheard. 5 Their line is gone out through all the earth, And their words to the end of the world. In them hath he set a tabernacle for the sun, 6 Which is as a bridegroom coming out of his chamb...

throughout history, muslims have approached quranic exegesis in various ways among which being a persuasive, intellectual way on the basis of proofs from the quran, hadiths, and intellect. although they benefitted from hadiths up tothe third/fourth hijri centuries in their commentaries, they did not ignore intellectual method – as will be proved in the present essay. overshadowing other methods...

The development of the Polish economy in nineteenth century was influenced by a number interacting factors: physical capital, human and social quality institutions, policies partitioning states, their macroeconomic situation, banking system. This study analyses role institutions supporting lands years 1870–1913. Their primary to concentrate savings redirect them economic entities. Some banks we...

You probably think of nineteenth century Great Britain as a place without any substantial social safety net aside from the Church. In fact, England had a well-developed welfare system in the nineteenth century, with local government functionaries dispensing cash. Early in the nineteenth century, low-level British functionaries knew almost all the people who were coming before them to appeal for...